DOI: 10.33917/es-2.206.2026.52-57

China’s labour market is experiencing dual structural pressure caused by accelerated economy digitalization and the deepening population aging. On the one hand, technological progress is transforming professions, stimulating growth of the gig economy and changing work values. On the other hand, decline in the share of young workers and growing number of elderly citizens are creating staff shortage and increasing productivity requirements. The present article analyses combined impact of these trends, examines adaptation mechanisms at the enterprise and public policy levels and draws conclusions about transformation of the labour market towards greater flexibility, automation and increased human capital value.

References:

1. Mozias P.M. Ekonomika Kitaya: novye trevogi [China’s Economy: New Concerns]. *Obshchestvo i gosudarstvo v Kitae,* 2015, no 18-2, pp. 558—599.

2. Karnyushkova M.M. Transformatsiya rynka truda pod vozdeystviem tsifrovykh tekhnologiy: Aktual’nye voprosy ekonomiki i informatsionnykh tekhnologiy: Cb. materialov dokladov 61-y nauchnoy konferentsii aspirantov, magistrantov i studentov BGUIR. Minsk, 20—25 aprelya 2025 g. [Transformation of the Labor Market Under the Influence of Digital Technologies: Current Issues in Economics and Information Technology: Collection of Papers from the 61st Scientific Conference of Postgraduate, Master’s, and Undergraduate Students of BSUIR. Minsk, April 20—25, 2025.]. Belorusskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet informatiki i radioelektroniki. Minsk, 2025, pp. 536—540.

3. Dong-Jin Lee, Jae H. Pae, Y.H. Wong. A model of close business relationships in China (guanxi). *European Journal of Marketing,* 2001, vol. 35, iss. 1/2, pp. 51—69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560110363346

4. Belokrylova O.S., Situkho A.N. Strukturnye preobrazovaniya prekariata kak sledstvie Chetvertoy promyshlennoy revolyutsii: Proizvodstvo, nauka i obrazovanie v epokhu transformatsiy: Rossiya v [de]globaliziruyushchemsya mire (PNO-VI) [Structural Transformations of the Precariat as a Consequence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Production, Science and Education in the Era of Transformation: Russia in a [De]globalizing World (PNO-VI)]. Vol. 2, Pod obshch. red. S.D. Bodrunova, A.V. Buzgalina. Moscow, INIR imeni S.Yu. Vitte, 2020, pp. 103—110.

5. Egorushkina T.N. Problemy transformatsii rynka truda pod vliyaniem Chetvertoy promyshlennoy revolyutsii [Problems of Transformation of the Labor Market under the Influence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution]. *Sfera uslug: innovatsii i kachestvo,* 2021, no 54, pp. 23—36.

6. Veshkurova A.B., Terganov Ya.K. Tsifrovaya transformatsiya i bezrabotitsa: puti sovmeshcheniya tekhnologicheskogo progressa i obespecheniya zanyatosti naseleniya [Digital Transformation and Unemployment: Ways to Combine Technological Progress and Employment]. *Ekonomika truda,* 2023, vol. 10, no 5, pp. 665—684.

7. Lyu P., Belokrylova O.S. Perspektivy zanyatosti v usloviyakh perekhoda k Industrii 4.0 (na primere Kitaya) [Belokrylova O.S. Employment Prospects in the Context of the Transition to Industry 4.0 (using China as an Example)]. *Sotsial’nye novatsii i sotsial’nye nauki,* 2022, no 1(6), pp. 140—147.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.126.2026.53-66

This article examines the effectiveness of investments in an innovative digital model for processing customer preference data for enterprises in the tourism industry in China and Russia, based on an innovative modification of the Cobb-Douglas production function. The hypotheses were empirically confirmed during the validation of the obtained data. The study’s results are presented in conclusions and recommendations for various groups of large, small, and medium-sized enterprises, for government policy on digitalization of the industry, and for international cooperation.

References:

1. Zavyalova E.B. The 4th industrial revolution and digital transformation: changes and challenges / E.B. Zavyalova, M.V. Safronchuk, A.E. Burzhinkaya. International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies. 2022;16(2/3/4):417.

2. Hong Yunmiao, Shi Jiuling. Data Elements and the Data Economy. Economic Theory and Economic Management. 2024;44(8):1-16.

3. Ghasemaghaei M., Calic G. Does Big Data Enhance Firm Innovation Competency? The Mediating Role of Data-Driven Insights. Journal of Business Research. 2019;104:69-84.

4. Badmus O., Rajput S.A., Arogundade J.B., Williams M. AI-driven business analytics and decision making. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews. 2024;24(01):616-633. URL: https://wjarr.com/sites/default/files/WJARR-2024-3093.pdf

5. Luca G., Rosciano M. Google Trends Data and Transfer Function Models to Predict Tourism Demand in Italy. Journal of Tourism Futures. 2013. URL: (PDF) Google Trends data and transfer function models to predict tourism demand in Italy

6. Mankiw N.G. Macroeconomics. 7th edition, USA: Harvard University, Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning, 2010. 641 p.

7. Pranevich A., Khatskevich G. Technological Progress and Neutrality by Hicks, Harrod, and Solow: Genesis, Construction, and Generalizations. Belarusian Economic Journal. 2020;3:87-105.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-3.116.2024.37-40

An analysis of methods for processing digital information and business analytics for civil aviation enterprises is presented using the example of “Data Science”.

References:

1. Gubanova A.V. Digital transformation as a tool for developing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises. Creative economy. 2020;6:17-18. (In Russ.).

2. Zhukovskaya I.V., Akaeva V.R., Kuzmin M.S. Current problems of digitalization of companies using the example of the industrial sector. Microeconomics. 2023;4:51-55. (In Russ.).

3. Ragimkhanov A.V. Systematization of scientific approaches to the study of competitiveness of services: from theory to practice. / A.V. Ragimkhanov, I.V. Zhukovskaya. Microeconomics. 2022;1:75-78. (In Russ.).

4. Official website of the Aeroflot company. URL: https://ir.aeroflot.ru/ru/company-overview/traffic-and-financial-highlights/

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.194.2024.64-69

The COVID-19 pandemic has created a powerful additional incentive for digitalization of education. The article examines the example of strategizing education development through the prism of digitalization presented by the European Union. In the context of increasing global competition for talent in the IT field, the European Union recognizes the current pace of IT personnel training as insufficient and aims to introduce effective measures to attract IT talent from all over the world. This poses a threat of intensified “brain drain” from Russia, which must be taken into account when strategizing the education development in Russia.

References:

1. Good K.D. Multimedia. Digital Roots: Historicizing Media and Communication Concepts of the Digital Age. In G. Balbi, N. Ribeiro, V. Schafer, &C. Schwarzenegger (Eds.). Berlin, De Gruyter, 2021, pp. 59–75.

2. Rensfeldt A.B., Rahm L. Automating Teacher Work? A History of the Politics of Automation and Artificial Intelligence in Education. Postdigital Science and Education, 2023, vol. 5, pp. 25–43. DOI: ht tps://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-022-00344-x

3. European Commission. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the Committee of the regions 2030 Digital Compass: the European way for the Digital Decade. Brussels, 9.3.2021 COM(2021) 118 final. Brussels:

European Commission, 2021, available at: https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-01/cellar_12e835e2-81af-11eb-9ac9-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02_DOC_1.pdf

4. Makarov V.L., Bakhtizin A.R., Sushko E.D. Agent-orientirovannye modeli kak instrument aprobatsii upravlencheskikh resheniy [Agent-based Models as a Testing Tool for Management Decisions]. Upravlencheskoe konsul’tirovanie, 2016, no 12(96), pp. 16–25.

5. Makarov V.L., Bakhtizin A.R., Sushko E.D., Ageeva A.F. Modelirovanie epidemii COVID-19 — preimushchestva agent-orientirovannogo podkhoda [Simulation of the COVID-19 Epidemic – Advantages of an Agent-Based Approach]. Ekonomicheskie i sotsial’nye peremeny: fakty, tendentsii, prognoz, 2020, vol. 13, no 4, pp. 58–73.

6. Kvint V.L. Strategicheskoe upravlenie i ekonomika na global’nom formiruyushchemsya rynke [Strategic Management and Economics in a Global Emerging Market]. Moscow, Biznes Atlas, 2012, 626 p.

7. Kvint V.L. Ideya noosfery Vernadskogo i zakonomernosti, predopredelyayushchie formirovanie global’nogo noosfernogo miroporyadka XXI v. [Vernadsky’s Concept of the Noosphere and the Patterns that Predetermine Formation of the Global Noospheric World Order of the 21st Century]. Upravlencheskoe konsul’tirovanie, 2013, no 5(53), pp. 13–19.

8. European Council. EUCO 14/17 CO EUR 17 CONCL 5. Brussels, European Council, 19 October 2017, available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/21620/19-euco-final-conclusions-en.pdf

9. Kvint V. Strategy for the Global Market: Theory and Practical Applications. N.Y., L., Routledge-Taylor & Francis, 2015.

DOI: 10.33917/es-6.192.2023.134-135

Review of the textbook “Scientific and technological progress and modern international relations”, published by the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO) of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the initiative of the Centre for International Information Security, Science and Technology Policy.

The textbook provides up-to-date and structured information and analysis on certain types of technologies with an emphasis on their importance for global politics.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-6.113.2023.71-75

The scientific article summarizes the theoretical concepts of a digital twin and classifies its main types in the digital economy. The principles of operation of digital twins are outlined using the example of the production process and modern marketplace.

References: 

1. Gubanova A.V. Digital transformation as a tool for developing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises. Creative economy. 2020;6:17-18. (In Russ.).

2. Zhukovskaya I.V., Akaeva V.R., Kuzmin M.S. Current problems of digitalization of companies using the example of the industrial sector. Microeconomics. 2023;4:51-55. (In Russ.).

3. Ragimkhanov A.V. Systematization of scientific approaches to the study of competitiveness of services: from theory to practice / A.V. Ragimkhanov, I.V. Zhukovskaya. Microeconomics. 2022;1:75-78. (In Russ.).

DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.111.2023.51-55

The concept of «digital twin» as a tool for building strategic planning for the industrial sector is generalized. The use of leadership «models» in strategic planning is substantiated, the stages of evolution and the stages of building a «digital twin» in production are reflected.

References: 

1. Andreev Yu.S., Tsarev M.V. Digital twins in industry: development history, classification, development scenarios. Economics and Management. St. Petersburg, 2019. pp. 45-46. (In Russ.).

2. Zhukovskaya I.V. Service market segmentation: problems, solutions. Microeconomics. 2021;2:32-37. (In Russ.).

3. Mineva O.K., Gubanova A.V. Digital transformation as a tool for developing the competitiveness of industrial enterprises. Creative economy. 2020;6:17-18. (In Russ.).

4. Ragimkhanov A.V. Systematization of scientific approaches to the study of the competitiveness of services: from theory to practice / A.V. Ragimkhanov, I.V. Zhukovskaya. Microeconomics. 2022;1:75-78. (In Russ.).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-6.186.2022.86-91

We describe the “window of opport unity” objectively opened up after the coronacrisis for Russia’s entering advanced service niches in global industrial chains and improving its international specialization. We show that after falling under Western sanctions in Spring 2022, Russia has lost this opportunity and suffers a technological rollback due to isolation from global markets.

References:

1. Export by Product Group. 2020. WITS, available at: https://wits.worldbank.org/

2. Smorodinskaya N.V., Katukov D.D., Malygin V.E. Global’nye stoimostnye tsepochki v epokhu neopredelennosti: preimushchestva, uyazvimosti, sposoby ukrepleniya rezil’entnosti [Global Value Chains in the Age of Uncertainty: Advantages, Vulnerabilities, Ways for Enhancing Resilience]. Baltiiskii region, 2021, no 3, pp. 78–107.

3. Ivanov D. Viable supply chain model: Integrating agility, resilience and sustainability perspectives-lessons from and thinking beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of operations research, 2020. P. 1–21.

4. World Bank. World development report 2020: Trading for development in the age of global value chains. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2020.

5. World Bank. Russia integrates: Deepening the country’s integration in the global economy. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2020.

6. Abdrakhmanova G.I., et al. Sektor IKT v 2021 godu: na pike rosta v preddverii novykh uslovii [ICT Sector in 2021: the Pinnacle of Growth on the Threshold of New Conditions]. Tsifrovaya ekonomika, 2022, no 56(240), available at: https://issek.hse.ru/news/655861546.html.

7. Smorodinskaya N.V., Katukov D.D. Shansy vykhoda Rossii na rynki Industrii 4.0 cherez uluchshenie svoikh pozitsii v raspredelennom proizvodstve [Russia’s Opportunities for Entering Industry 4.0 Markets by Improving Its Position in Distributed Production]. Zhurnal Novoi ekonomicheskoi assotsiatsii, 2022, no 1(53), pp. 223–231.

8. Panel’ monitoringa sanktsii protiv Rossii [Russia Sanctions Dashboard]. Castellum.AI, available at: https://www.castellum.ai/russia-sanctionsdashboard

9. Bank Rossii. Makroekonomika i rynki [Bank of Russia. Macroeconomics and Markets]. O chem govoryat trendy, 2022, no 2, available at: https://cbr.ru/Collection/Collection/File/40953/bulletin_22-02.pdf.

10. Simola H. Trade sanctions and Russian production. BOFIT. Policy Briefs, 2022, no 4.

11. Chorzempa M. Export controls against Russia are working — with the help of China. The Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2022, available at: https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/export-controls-against-russia-are-working-help-china.

12. Bank Rossii. Osnovnye napravleniya edinoi gosudarstvennoi denezhno-kreditnoi politiki na 2023 god i period 2024 i 2025 godov [Bank of Russia. The Main Directions of the State Monetary Policy for 2023 and the Period of 2024 and 2025]. Moscow, Bank Rossii, 2022.

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DOI: 10.33917/mic-5.106.2022.87-99

The article presents a case study of a big company operating in the Russian Arctic Zone in order to explain the need for digitalisation of communication between energy resource suppliers and customer markets. Currently, the main way of communication between the energy supplier in question and its customer markets is contractual relations. Their timeliness and quality are becoming particularly important, especially for big businesses. The quality of a resource supply contract directly affects the completeness of the resource supply and performance of the schedule agreed in the contract. Contract performance directly influences the financial and economic per-formance of the company and, consequently, its competitiveness on customer markets. A contract as a main communication tool is the critical legal instrument, regardless of the annual number and scope of contracts. It applies to various contracts, from several big orders for companies (enterprises) on sectoral customer markets to tens of thousands on a consumer market reaching individuals and households.

References:

1. Babkin N., Bespalova S., Senetskaya L., Skotarenko O. Tools for digitalization of economic processes for supporting management decision-making in the Arctic region. 4th International Scientific Conference on Arctic: History and Modernity; Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation 17-18 April 2019.

2.   Babkina L.N., Skotarenko O.V. Features of the qualimetric approach in regional studies // Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University. Economic sciences. 2013;5(180):161-165. (In Russ.).

3.   Bodrunov S, Plotnikov V, Vertakova Y. Technological Development as a Factor of Ensuring the National Security, Proceedings of the 30th International Business Information Management Association Conference — Vision 2020: Sustainable Economic development, Innovation Management, and Global Growth, Madrid. 2017. 8-9 November 2017. pp.66-74.

4.   Kelchevskaya N., Shirinkina E. Regional determinants of effective use of human capital in the digital economy. Economy of Region. 2019;2:465-482.

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6.   On the Strategy for Scientific and Technical Development of the Russian Federation: Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 1 December 2016 № 642, Collected Laws of the RF, 49 (05.12.2016) Art. 6887.

7.   On assigning the default supplier status: Order of the Russian Ministry for Energy of 23 January 2015. №14, not published.

8.   Pasandideh H., Taghi S., Niaki A., Mousav S. Two metaheuristics to solve a multiitem multiperiod inventory control problem under storage constraint and discounts. Economica. 2013.

9.   Regions of Russia. Socioeconomic indicators – 2020. Official website of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.183.2022.164-167

Digitalization is one of the main transformation processes of the modern system of global interactions, changing the nature of social links not only at the technical and economic, but also at the political level. Herewith, technological innovations also become instruments of political influence. The present article analyzes the management structure of one of the leading participants in the global financial market — the Bank for International Settlements (hereinafter — BIS) and highlights the important place the BIS occupies in the global financial architecture on the example of the Dunbar project, being developed in its innovation hub. In digital age the BIS has assumed a new leading role in exploring, developing and testing digital innovations in the central banking sector. It is noted that potential to use the BIS for political purposes is great, given that the Dunbar project will have far-reaching consequences for the structure of modern international relations.

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