DOI: 10.33917/es-1.205.2026.32-37

The article dwells on the problem of increasing competitiveness of the Russian economy against the backdrop of deteriorating relations between Russia and Western countries. The author analyzes the share of domestic production in various economic sectors. Proposals for increasing competitiveness of Russian goods through innovation are also provided.

References:

1. Afanas’eva O.G. Povyshenie konkurentosposobnosti — vazhneyshiy faktor obespecheniya ustoychivogo razvitiya molochnogo skotovodstva v sel’skokhozyaystvennykh organizatsiyakh: Monografiya [Improving Competitiveness is the Most Important Factor in Ensuring Sustainable Development of Dairy Farming in Agricultural Organizations: Monograph]. Moscow, INFRA, 2019, p. 118.

2. Top-menedzhery nazvali glavnye prepyatstviya dlya biznesa v Rossii [Top Managers Named the Main Obstacles to Business in Russia]. RBK, 2023, 7 dekabrya, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/07/12/2023/6570223a9a7947cb95b143b5?ysclid=mdhsb47o73526509239

3. Mezhdunarodnyy institut upravlencheskogo razvitiya IMD [Website]. IMD, available at: https://www.imd.org/centers/wcc/world-competitiveness

4. Skobeleva O.A., Kutyashova E.V., Chirkova N.A. Konkurentosposobnost’ Rossii v mezhdunarodnom biznese [Russia’s Competitiveness in International Business]. Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta. Seriya: Ekonomika i pravo, 2022, no 2, available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/konkurentosposobnost-rossiiv-mezhdunarodnom-biznese

5. RBK [Website], available at: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/07/12/2023/6570223a9a7947cb95b143b5?ysclid=mdhsb47o73526509239

6. Vsemirnaya organizatsiya intellektual’noy sobstvennosti [Website], available at: https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/

7. The Global Economy.com [Website], available at: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/russia/gii_index/

8. PAO “Gazprom” [Website], available at: https://www.gazprom.ru/about/production/reserves/?ysclid=m4vogoulz1217508270

9. Tsentral’nyy bank Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Website], available at: https://cbr.ru/statistics/macro_itm/external_sector/pb/p_balance/

10. Zhurnal Tin’koff [Website], available at: https://journal.tinkoff.ru/list/7-glavnykh-stran-partnerov-rossii/?ysclid=m4vq179k6q641770003

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.205.2026.24-31

The aim of the present study is to form the value foundations for methodology of the paradigms compatibility of society and its subsystems. Complementary types of value theories and dual understanding of values are analyzed. The article explores the common values of social paradigms, including sustainable development, social justice, inclusiveness, equality and the human rights protection. The influence of various values on functioning of the society development paradigms is studied. Necessary set of aspects of the value foundations for a methodology of the social paradigms compatibility is developed and structural framework for compatibility of paradigms across social spheres is constructed.

References:

1. Fuko M. Arkheologiya znaniya [Archeology of Knowledge]. Saint Petersburg, Gumanitarnaya akademiya, 2024, 416 p.

2. Perelomov L.S. Konfutsiy “Lun’ Yuy” [Confucius’s Analects]. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura, 2001, 180 p.

3. Guan’-tszy. Drevnekitayskaya filosofiya [Ancient Chinese Philosophy]. Sobr. tekstov: V 2 t., vol. 2, Moscow, Mysl’, 1973, 384 p.

4. Ma Czin’czjun’. Trudovye resursy v sovremennom Kitae: razvitie i racional’noe upravlenie: dis. … kand. sociol. nauk [Labor Resources in Modern China: Development and Rational Management: diss. … Cand. of Sociological Sciences]. VAK RF 22.00.08, 2004. 169 s.

5. Laotszy. Obresti sebya v Dao [Finding Yourself in Dao]. Sost., avt. predisl., perevod, komment. I.I. Semenenko. Moscow, Respublika, 1999, 445 p.

6. Khan’ Fey-tszy. Kniga zakona i poryadka. Sovety razumnomu pravitelyu [The Book of Law and Order: Advice to a Wise Ruler]. Per. A.I. Ivanov; Red. D.O. Khvostova. Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf, 2019, 287 p.

7. Khegi D. Iskusstvo voyny v illyustratsiyakh. Klassicheskiy traktat Sun’-tszy v diagrammakh i grafikakh [The Art of War Illustrated: Sun Tzu’s Classic Treatise in Diagrams and Graphs]. Moscow, Mann, Ivanov i Ferber, 2015, 264 p.

8. Gusserl’ E. Idei k chistoy fenomenologii i fenomenologicheskoy filosofii. Kniga tret’ya. Fenomenologiya i osnovy nauk [Ideas Toward a Pure Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy. Book Three. Phenomenology and the Foundations of Science]. Kaliningrad, BFU imeni I. Kanta, 2024, 231 p.

9. Khaydeger M. Osnovnye problemy fenomenologii [The Main Problems of Phenomenology]. Saint Petersburg, Vysshaya religiozno-filosofskaya shkola, 2001, 456 p.

10. Polan’i K. Velikaya transformatsiya: proshloe, nastoyashchee i budushchee [The Great Transformation: Past, Present, and Future]. Moscow, GU VShE, 2006, 321 p.

11. Merlo-Ponti M. Fenomenologiya vospriyatiya [Phenomenology of Perception]. Moscow, Bukinist, 1996, 606 p.

12. Vinogradov A.V. Kitayskaya model’ modernizatsii. Poiski novoy identichnosti [The Chinese Model of Modernization: The Search for a New Identity]. Moscow, Pamyatniki istoricheskoy lichnosti, 2005, 334 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.205.2026.14-23

Attempts to violently seize the power in post-Soviet states can be reduced to operation of complex organizational systems, which means that adaptive application of general principles and tools for managing such systems is possible. It is necessary to analyze such processes from scientific point of view and proactively plan measures or better yet, systemic mechanisms, to counter these processes, which will ensure the stability of public administration at various levels of hierarchy and administrative infrastructure of the Russian Federation.

References:

1. Ageev A.I. Rol’ sanktsiy, konfliktov i spetsoperatsiy: razmyshleniya o budushchem. Chast’ 2 [The Role of Sanctions, Conflicts, and Special Operations: Reflections on the Future. Part 2]. Nauchnyy vestnik oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa Rossii, 2024, no 1, pp. 33–42.

2. Ageev A.I., Grigor’ev V.V., Loginov E.L. Kvantovye simulyatory kak instrument nablyudaemosti tsifrovoy supersistemy s sushchestvennoy komponentoy nepredskazuemogo povedeniya ee elementov [Quantum Simulators as a Tool for Observability of a Digital Supersystem with a Significant Component of Unpredictable Behavior of its Elements]. Mikroekonomika, 2024, no 5, pp. 5–13.

3. Lyuttvak E. Gosudarstvennyy perevorot: Prakticheskoe posobie [Coup d’État: A Practical Handbook]. Moscow, Russkiy fond sodeystviya obrazovaniyu i nauke, 2015, 326 p.

4. Abramov V.I., Loginov E.L. Agentno-orientirovannye podkhody k analizu i prognozu politicheskikh nastroeniy v obshchestve i postroeniyu mekhanizmov korrektirovki polozhitel’nykh i otritsatel’nykh reaktsiy na sotsial’no-politicheskie situatsii: Rossiya v XXI veke: global’nye vyzovy i perspektivy razvitiya: Materialy Sed’mogo Mezhdunarodnogo foruma [Agent-based Approaches to the Analysis and Forecasting of Political Sentiment in Society and the Development of Mechanisms for Adjusting Positive and Negative Reactions to Socio-political Situations: Russia in the 21st Century: Global Challenges and Development Prospects: Proceedings of the Seventh International Forum]. Moscow, IPR RAN, 2018, pp. 373–376.

5. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Modelirovanie protsessov obespecheniya ustoychivosti gosudarstvennykh organizatsionnykh sistem k popytkam zakhvata vlasti identifitsirovannym i neidentifitsirovannym protivnikom [Modeling the Processes of Ensuring the Resilience of State Organizational Systems to Attempts to Seize Power by an Identified and Unidentified Enemy]. Mikroekonomika, 2025, no 3, pp. 5–14.

6. Loginov E.L. Perekhvat upravleniya slozhnymi organizatsionnymi sistemami v usloviyakh razmyvaniya granits mezhdu fizicheskimi, kognitivnymi i tsifrovymi prostranstvami deyatel’nosti i sredami upravleniya [Taking Control of Complex Organizational Systems in the Context of Blurring Boundaries between Physical, Cognitive, and Digital Activity Spaces and Management Environments]. Ekonomika: teoriya i praktika, 2024, no 1(73), pp. 3–10.

7. Loginov E.L., Matveev A.G., Shkuta A.A. Opredelenie parametrov lokalizovannykh sostoyaniy neyavnykh grupp s sobstvennoy komponentoy aktivnogo povedeniya, ne sovpadayushchego s vektorom deystviy gosudarstvennoy supersistemy [Determination of the Parameters of Localized States of Implicit Groups with Their own Component of Active Behavior That does not Coincide with the Vector of Actions of the State Supersystem]. Iskusstvennye obshchestva, 2019, vol. 14, no 1, p. 5.

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.205.2026.6-13

The article examines the West’s attempts to expose the world to a new colonization, both economically and politically, as well as through manipulation of consciousness, civilizational meanings and values. The paper reveals the content of the “Washington Consensus” model and coloniality as a new term in political discourse, denoting a more complex colonial dependence of modern times, hidden under the external appearance of independence and sovereignty, distinguishing it from the classical colonialism of the past.

References:

1. Putin V.V. Vystuplenie na zasedanii diskussionnogo kluba “Valday” 5 oktyabrya 2023 g. [Speech at the Meeting of the Valdai Discussion Club on October 5, 2023]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/72444

2. Perkins Dzh. Ispoved’ ekonomicheskogo ubiytsy [Confessions of an Economic Hit Man]. Moscow, Pretext, 2005, 319 p.

3. Engdal’ U. Stoletie voyny. Anglo-amerikanskaya neftyanaya politika i Novyy mirovoy poryadok [A Century of War: Anglo-American Oil Policy and the New World Order]. Moscow,Voyna i mir, 2014.

4. Lipkin M.A. Sovet Ekonomicheskoy Vzaimopomoshchi: istoricheskiy opyt al’ternativnogo global’nogo miroustroystva (1949–1979) [The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: Historical Experience of an Alternative Global World Order (1949–1979)]. Moscow, Ves’ Mir, 2019.

5. Morozov M. Kak unichtozhit’ Rossiyu [How to Destroy Russia]. Tribuna, 2008, 21 avgusta.

6. Chossudovsky M. ‘Financial Warfare’ Triggers Global Economic Crisis. Era of Light, March 28, 2018, available at: https://eraoflight.com/2018/03/28/michaelchossudovsky-financial-warfare-triggers-global-economic-crisis/

7. Djurdjevic B. Return looted Russian Assets. Truth in Media’s Global Watch, Phoenix, 30 August, 1998.

8. Katasonov V.Yu. Zoloto v ekonomike i politike Rossii [Gold in the Russian Economy and Politics]. Moscow, Ankil, 2009.

9. Bzhezinskiy Z. Nekotorye vyskazyvaniya o Rossii [Some Statements about Russia]. YaPlakal”, 2012, 4 iyunya, available at: http://www.yaplakal.com/ forum7/topic442090.html

10. Katasonov V.Yu. Ograblenie Rossii [Robbery of Russia]. Moscow, Knizhnyy mir, 2014.

11. Analiz amerikanskoy strategii kolonizatsii soznaniya: Kitayskiy ekspertnyy doklad [An Analysis of the American Mind Colonization Strategy: A Chinese Expert Report]. RSMD, available at: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/kitayskiy-ekspertnyy-doklad-analiz-amerikanskoy-kontseptsiikolonizatsii-soznaniya/?ysclid=mhxfrf1clg40083578

12. Kara-Murza S.G. Manipulyatsiya soznaniem [Manipulation of Consciousness]. Moscow, Eksmo, 2009, 864 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-6.204.2025.56-63

The article presents the author’s approach to technological sovereignty based on data from the international assessment, conducted by the UN. The author proposes a concept for representing technological sovereignty in the form of three components (structural elements): information and communication security (digital security), infrastructural (logistics) security and scientific-technological security. To assess each component of technological sovereignty it is proposed to use the corresponding indicators, grouped in accordance with the author’s approach. In addition, the article provides the author’s analysis of countries that have achieved Goal 9 of the Sustainable Development based on statistical data, provided by the UN, and the corresponding threshold values for each indicator of the countries under consideration.

References:

1. Potaptseva E.V., Akberdina V.V. Tekhnologicheskiy suverenitet: ponyatie, soderzhanie i formy realizatsii [Technological Sovereignty: Concept, Content and Forms of Implementation]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, 2023, vol. 25, no 3, pp. 5–16.

2. Strategiya nauchno-tekhnologicheskogo razvitiya Soyuznogo gosudarstva na period do 2035 goda [Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Union State for the Period up to 2035]. Informatsionno-analiticheskiy portal Soyuznogo gosudarstva. 2024. 31 yanvarya, available at: https://soyuz.by/projects/dekrety-vysshego-gosudarstvennogo-soveta-soyuznogo-gosudarstva/postanovlenie-ot-29-yanvarya-2024-g-2-o-strategii-nauchno-tehnologicheskogo-razvitiya-soyuznogo-gosudarstva-na-period-do-2035-goda

3. Tseli v oblasti ustoychivogo razvitiya [Sustainable Development Goals]. OON. Tseli v oblasti ustoychivogo razvitiya, available at: https://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment/ru/infrastructure-industrialization/#tab-a971aadac89bd5b8b3a

4. The SDGS in action. UNDP, available at: https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals

5. Sustainable development report 2019, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2019/2019_sustainable_development_ report.pdf

6. Sustainable development report 2020, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2020/2020_sustainable_development_ report.pdf

7. Sustainable development report 2021, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2021/2021-sustainable-development-report.pdf

8. Sustainable development report 2022, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2022/2022-sustainable-development-report.pdf

9. Sustainable development report 2023, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2023/sustainable-development-report-2023.pdf

10. Sustainable development report 2024, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2024/sustainable-development-report-2024.pdf

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.6-19

The article examines the problems of transforming the system for economic management of the Russian Federation, which could make it function in conditions of hybrid risks and critical threats. A set of measures for transforming management systems is structured, a number of functional stages is identified. The article substantiates the need to develop both general management and specific technical measures aimed at ensuring that the controlled contour of the system of state and corporate management centers within the resource supply infrastructure should be prepared for these types of risks and threats. The author concludes that the most appropriate management tool is adoption of a digital “twin” model of an economic entity (organizational agent). Obtained results will enable authorities to address organizational challenges in the event of the “drop-out of control centers at various levels” in order to operate with industry (regional) control centers and to work in a dialogue mode with structures of the Russian Federation Government and infrastructure organizations.

References:

1. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. SShA, Kitay, Rossiya: konfliktnye uyazvimosti v usloviyakh tranzita k novoy geostrategicheskoy paradigm [USA, China, Russia: Conflict Vulnerabilities in the Context of Transition to a New Geostrategic Paradigm]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2024, vol. 26, no 6(198), pp. 16–25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-6.198.2024.16-25

2. Ageev A.I., Grabchak E.P., Loginov E.L. Ustoychivost’ ekonomicheskoy supersistemy Rossii i Belorussii v usloviyakh yadernoy ataki [Stability of the Economic Supersystem of Russia and Belarus in the Event of a Nuclear Attack]. Mikroekonomika, 2025, no 2, pp. 5–13. DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.121.2025. 5-13.

3. Perevooruzhenie Evropy [Rearmament of Europe]. Livejournal, 2025, 7 marta, available at: https://spydell.livejournal.com/802118.html

4. Pavel Shpidel’: Raskhody federal’nogo byudzheta Rossii [Expenditures of the Federal Budget of Russia]. Dzen, 2024, 1 oktyabrya, available at: https://dzen.ru/a/ZvwlBD2apwzl2Nap

5. Byudzhet Rossii [Budget of Russia]. TADVISER, 2025, 22 yanvarya, available at: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/Статья:Бюджет_России

6. Kak izmenyatsya gosudarstvennye raskhody v Rossii v 2025? [How will Government Spending Change in Russia in 2025?]. Livejournal, 2024, 3 oktyabrya, available at: https://spydell.livejournal.com/789883.html

7. Baza dannykh voennykh raskhodov SIPRI [SIPRI Military Expenditure Database]. SIPRI. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, available at: https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex

8. Dinamika oboronnykh raskhodov Rossii [Dynamics of Russia’s Defense Expenditures], available at: https://yandex.ru/images/

9. Ivanter V.V., Budanov I.A., Korovkin A.G., Sutyagin V.S. Prikladnoe prognozirovanie natsional’noy ekonomiki: Ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov. Gl. 29. Voenno-promyshlennyy kompleks [Applied Forecasting of the National Economy: Textbook for Universities. Chapter 29. Military-Industrial Complex]. Moscow, Ekonomist, 2007, 896 p. P. 711–736, available at: https://ecfor.ru/wp-content/uploads/books/uch/29.pdf

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.20-27

The article examines transformation of the international financial settlement system, catalyzed by anti-Russian sanctions. Formation of a new global financial system is facing resistance from the beneficiaries of the existing world order, but there are ways to bypass the barriers being erected. Fur ther development will require complete replacement of Western financial instruments and institutions in the markets and jurisdictions of non-Western countries.

References:

1. Ageev A. I. Smena gegemona: voyna i ekonomika [The Change of the Hegemon: War and Economics]. Moscow, INES, RUBIN, 2016, 184 p.

2. Glaz’ev S.Yu. Poslednyaya mirovaya voyna. SShA nachinayut i proigryvayut [The Last World War. The USA Starts and Loses]. Moscow, Knizhnyy mir, 2016, 512 p.

3. Dalio R. Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order: Why Nations Succeed and Fail. Avid Reader Press/Simon & Schuster, 2021, 576 p.

4. Dolya dollara i evro pri raschetakh za rossiyskiy eksport upala nizhe 20% [The Share of the Dollar and Euro in Settlements for Russian Exports Fell Below 20%]. RBK, 2024, 17 avgusta, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/finances/17/08/2024/66bf2e639a7947944b318a70

5. Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities, available at: https://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfh.txt

6. Kakie strany vladeyut bol’shey chast’yu dolga SShA? [Which Countries Own the Most US Debt?]. USAFacts, 2024, 1 avgusta, available at: https://usafacts.org/articles/which-countries-own-the-most-us-debt/

7. Gold Demand Trends Full Year 2022. World Gold Council, 2023, January 31, available at: https://www.gold.org/goldhub/research/gold-demand-trends/gold-demand-trends-full-year-2022

8. China Gold Reserves. Trading Economics, available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/china/gold-reserves

9. RBI Moves 100 Tonnes Gold from UK to Its Vaults in India. Times of India, 2024, May 31, available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/indiabusiness/rbi-brings-back-over-100-tonnes-of-gold-from-uk-to-its-reserves-report/articleshow/110497346.cms

10. RMB Tracker. March 2025, available at: https://www.swift.com/sites/default/files/files/rmb-tracker_march-2025.pdf

11. Babaev K.V., Sergienko E.E., Van Tszinvey, Li Fen, Sazonov S.L. Internatsionalizatsiya yuanya v ramkakh initsiativy “Poyas i Put’” [Internationalization of the Yuan within the Framework of the Belt and Road Initiative]. ETAP: Ekonomicheskaya Teoriya, Analiz, Praktika, 2024, no 1, pp. 75–90.

12. The First China-UAE Gas Deal in Yuan: A New Blow to Dollar Dominance. The Cradle. 2023. April 6, available at: https://thecradle.co/articles/the-firstchina-uae-gas-deal-in-yuan-a-new-blow-to-dollar-dominance

13. Reuters: neftyanye sdelki Rossii s Indiey podryvayut gospodstvo dollara [Reuters: Russia’s Oil Deals with India Undermine the Dollar’s Dominance]. TASS, 2023, 8 marta, available at: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/17219603?utm_source=rfinance

14. Chast’ krupnykh bankov Kitaya perestala prinimat’ platezhi iz Rossii [Some Major Chinese Banks Have Stopped Accepting Payments from Russia]. RBK, 2024, 17 aprelya, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/business/17/04/2024/661f4a3c9a7947ce48d663ca

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.28-33

In 2024, the Nobel Prize was awarded to American economists Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson (new institutional economics). The article contains a critical analysis of theoretical approaches and anti-Russian statements of the new Nobel laureates. Contrary to their optimistic expectations, the socio-economic development of a number of A frican countries after the “Arab Spring” is characterized by acute problems and economic indicators of the leading countries of “democratic” Europe remain relatively weak for a long period of time. The ar ticle also examines current trends and forecasts in foreign direct investments (FDI). High levels of uncer tainty in the global economy and new tariffs imposed by the United States in 2025 are creating a lot of new risks for global value chains and foreign direct investments. In these circumstances, the author suggests recalling some of the ideas of past Nobel laureates Paul Krugman, Simon Kuznets, V.V. Leontief and Jan Tinbergen on the role of economic, industrial and migration policies, as well as policy in the sphere of foreign direct investments and economic integration. The article also offers some recommendations for economic policy in Russia.

References:

1. Adzhemoglu S., Robinson D. Pochemu odni strany bogatye, a drugie bednye. Proiskhozhdenie vlasti, protsvetaniya i nishchety [Why Nations Fail. The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty]. Moscow, AST, 2024, 668 p.

2. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2024: Press Release. The Nobel Prize, available at: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2024/press-release/

3. Biggest Support Package to Ukraine So Far Increases Swedish Support to SEK 29.5 Billion for 2025. Government Offices of Sweden, available at: https://www.government.se/press-releases/2025/03/biggest-support-package-to-ukraine-so-far-increases-swedish-support-to-sek-29.5-billion-for-2025

4. Tatuzov V.Yu. Ogranichitel’naya monetarnaya politika — prepyatstvie dlya pryamykh inostrannykh investitsiy [Restrictive Monetary Policy — an Obstacle to Foreign Direct Investment]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 6. Ekonomika, 2024, no 4(59), pp. 49–65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.55959/MSU0130-0105-6-59-4-3

5. Global Investment Trends Monitor, 2025, no 48, UNCTAD, available at: https://unctad.org/publications-search?f%5B0%5D=product%3A6096.

6. Handbook of Statistics — 2024. UNCTAD, available at: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat49_en.pdf

7. UNCTAD Trade and Development Foresights 2025: Under Pressure — Uncertainty Reshapes Global Economic Prospects. Geneva, UNCTAD, 2025, 55 p.

8. Leontief W. Domestic Production and Foreign Trade; The American Capital Position Re-Examined. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1953, no 4(97), pp. 332–349.

9. Kuznets S., Rubin E. Immigration and the Foreign Born. New York, NBER, 1954, 107 p.

10. Kuznets S. Population, Capital and Growth. London, Neineman, 1974, 342 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.34-39

The article identifies characteristics and development trends of the stock markets of the EAEU member countries in the context of the digital economy’s development. It outlines the main challenges facing the development of the stock markets of the EAEU countries. The author substantiates the importance of harmonizing national legislation and creating a common digital architecture to improve the efficiency of risk management and to strengthen integration of the stock markets of the EAEU member countries. It is concluded that digital transformation is a key factor in overcoming differences in the development of stock markets in the EAEU countries.

References:

1. Terenichenko A.A. Sravnitel’no-pravovoy analiz razvitiya rynka tsennykh bumag stran — uchastnits Evraziyskogo ekonomicheskogo soyuza [Comparative Legal Analysis of the Development of the Securities Market of the Countries Participating in the Eurasian Economic Union]. Agrarnoe i zemel’noe pravo, 2017, no 3(147), pp. 42–46.

2. Kulakova E.V. Vozmozhnosti i perspektivy integratsii EAES v finansovoy sfere [Opportunities and Prospects for Integration of the EAEU in the Financial Sector]. Mir novoy ekonomiki, 2017, no 2, pp. 38–45.

3. Shvaygert D.V. Institutsional’noe razvitie integratsii infrastrukturnykh organizatsiy fondovykh rynkov SNG i EAES [Institutional Development of Integration of Infrastructure Organizations of Stock Markets of the CIS and the EAEU]. Human Progress, 2015, vol. 1, no 4, pp. 60–79.

4. Dogovor o Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soyuze (podpisan v g. Astane 29 maya 2014 g.) (red. ot 25 maya 2023 g.) (s izm. i dop., vstup. v silu s 24 iyunya 2024 g.) [Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (signed in Astana on May 29, 2014) (as amended on May 25, 2023) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on June 24, 2024)]. Konsul’tant, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/

5. Principles of the trading system. WTO, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm

6. Prilozhenie N 17 k Dogovoru o Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soyuze (Protokol po finansovym uslugam) [Appendix No. 17 to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Protocol on Financial Services)]. Konsul’tant, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/6e98d66c53206813800fdef7b3692dbc90f83c79/#dst103788

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DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.42-47

In recent years, relations between Russia and China have reached a new level and received the status of a “comprehensive partnership”. This fact is confirmed by the trade indicators between Russia and China, as well as export and import indicators in the period from 2021 to 2024. However, against the background of the introduction of secondary sanctions by the US and the EU in August 2024 against Russian business partners, Russia and China are forced to look for alternative methods of financial settlements for mutual trade operations, since the previously used methods have ceased to work. New methods of financial settlements today include: settlements through regional banks of China, through third-party intermediaries, the use of cryptocurrency, as well as by opening a foreign branch in the territory of the Russian Federation. However, mediation turned out to be the most acceptable method.

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