DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.128-133

The world energy sector is in a phase of transformation. Current processes of reorganizing the world energy sector structure are usually called the fourth energy transition. Traditional concept of the fourth energy transition implies a gradual phaseout of fossil fuels and increasing the share of renewable energy in the global energy balance in order to reduce carbon emissions. The article proposes to revise the number of energy transitions and proposes electric energy as an independent type of fuel to serve as the basis for the current energy transition.

References:

1. Makharov A.A., Mitrova T.A., Kulagin V.A. (Eds.) Prognoz razvitiya energetiki mira i Rossii — 2019 [Forecast of Energy Development in the World and Russia 2019: Archived Copy from October 24, 2021]. Wayback Machine. INEI RAN. Moscow, Institute of Energy Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INEI RAN), Moscow School of Management Skolkovo, 2019, 210 p.

2. World Energy Outlook’2024 (IEA). Energy Institute, available at: https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review

3. Il’kovskiy K.K., Il’kovskiy D.K. Solnechnyy svet protiv uglya [Sunlight Against Coal]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2020, no 3, pp. 134–141, DOI: 10.33917/es-3.169.2020.134-141

4. Zubakin V.A., Zhukov P.A. Ekonomicheskaya effektivnost’ elektrostantsiy na vozobnovlyaemykh istochnikakh energii na primere pokazatelya LCOE [Economic Efficiency of Renewable Energy Power Plants Using the LCOE Indicator as an Example]. Santekhnika. Otoplenie. Konditsionirovanie, 2024, no 10(274), pp. 72–75, EDN ENBUPX

5. Stoimost’ proizvodstva elektroenergii iz vozobnovlyaemykh istochnikov v 2024 g. [The Cost of Electricity Production from Renewable Sources in 2024]. RenEn, 2025, 23 iyulya, available at: https://renen.ru/stoimost-proizvodstva-elektroenergii-iz-vozobnovlyaemyh-istochnikov-v-2024-godu

6. 2024 Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy. Energy Institute, available at: https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review

7. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations, available at: https://www.un.org/en/desa/world-population-projected-reach-98-billion-2050-and-112-billion-2100?ysclid=mdg7abr1rq298500462

DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.121.2025.111-117

The article discusses the process of methanol production from hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (СО₂) as a promising direction in the field of gas chemistry. Methanol, which is the most common inhibitor of the formation of gas hydrates, can be synthesized from CO₂. The paper describes in detail the main stages of the process, discusses modern technological solutions such as the use of «green» hydrogen, and shows the economic and environmental aspects of production.

References:

Karasevich V.A. Fundamentals of hydrogen energy: Textbook. Moscow: Publishing Center of Gubkin Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NIU), 2023. 100 p.

2. LUKOIL–West Siberia LLC.  URL: https://zs.lukoil.ru/ru/About/Structure/Yamalneftegaz

3. Prospects for the use of a carbon dioxide capture unit at the branches of PJSC Mosenergo / S.A. Petelin, A.N. Vivchar, P.V. Bubley, V.A. Serdyukov, O.Yu. Sigitov, 2022. 32 p.

 4. Noerma J. Azhari, Denanti Erika, St. Mardiana, Thalabul Ilmi, Melia L. Gunawan, I. G. B. N. Makertihartha, Grandprix T. M. Kadja. Methanol synthesis from CO2: A mechanical overview. Results in Engineering, 2022.

5. The wind power. URL: https://www.thewindpower.net/turbine_en_460_unison_u57.php

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.193.2024.26-35

The article examines the prospects for hydrocarbon, renewable and nuclear energy in Uzbekistan. Results of forecasting the dynamics of oil, gas and uranium production until the middle of the 21st century and then are presented. The authors substantiate the conclusion that nuclear generation, having economic and environmental advantages, is competitive in the long term only if two-component nuclear energy is developed due to the exhaustibility of uranium in Uzbekistan.

References:

1. GDP per capita (current US$) — Uzbekistan. The World Bank Data, available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations = UZ

2. The World Factbook — Uzbekistan. CIA. URL: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uzbekistan/

3. Muinov D.A., Kostyuchenko Z.M. Strategicheskie napravleniya razvitiya promyshlennosti Uzbekistana na perspektivu [Strategic Directions of the Industry Development in Uzbekistan for the Future]. Ekonomika: analizy i prognozy, 2019, no 1, pp. 63–68.

4. Otkrytye dannye — Promyshlennost’ [Open Data – Industry]. Agentstvo statistiki pri Prezidente Respubliki Uzbekistan, available at: https://stat.uz/ru/ofitsialnaya-statistika/industry

5. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2022. Uckfield, Pureprint Group Ltd., 2022, 60 p.

6. Uranium in Uzbekistan. WNA, available at: https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-t-z/uzbekistan.aspx

7. Data and Statistics. IEA, available at: https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-browser?country = UZBEKISTAN

8. Kharitonov V.V., Ul’yanin Yu.A., Sliva D.E. Analiticheskoe modelirovanie dinamiki ischerpaniya nevozobnovlyaemykh traditsionnykh energeticheskikh resursov [Analytical Modeling of the Depletion Dynamics for Non-Renewable Traditional Energy Resources]. Vestnik NIYaU MIFI, 2019, vol. 8, no 3, pp. 298–307.

9. Statistika po global’nomu energeticheskomu perekhodu [Global Energy Transition Statistics]. Dannye o mirovoy energetike i klimate. Ezhegodnik-2021, available at: https://yearbook.enerdata.ru

10. The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Finance & Investment, available at: https://www.irena.org/financeinvestment. Statistics Time

Series.

11. A carbon-neutral electricity sector in Uzbekistan. Summary for policymakers. Birmingham, Corporate Solutions Limited, 13 p.

12. Ivanov G.A., Voloshin N.P., Ganeev A.S., et al. Vzryvnaya deyterievaya energetika. Snezhinsk, RFYaTs-VNIITF, 2004, 288 p.

13. Energy Return on Investment. World Nuclear Association, available at: https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/energyreturn-

on-investment.aspx

14. Uzbekistan Power Sector Master Plan. Vol. 1 to 3, Mott MacDonald & Corporate Solutions, 2019, available at: https://www.mottmac.com/releases/uzbekistanspower-

sector-masterplan-commits-to-clean-energy

15. Mineral Requirements for Electricity Generation. World Nuclear Association, available at: https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-theenvironment/

DOI: 10.33917/mic-6.113.2023.89-94

Efficient use of energy is a prerequisite for economic development. The article identifies the relationship between economic growth and the use of renewable energy sources. The study shows that renewable energy contributes to economic growth for both developing and developed countries.

References: 

1. Armeanu D.S., Joldes C.C., Gherghina S.C., Andrei J.V. (2021). Understanding the Multidimensional Linkages Among Renewable Energy, Pollution, Economic Growth and Urbanization in Contemporary Economies: Quantitative Assessments across Different Income Countries’ Groups. Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev. 142. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.110818

2. Baniya B., Giurco D., Kelly S. (2021). Green Growth in Nepal and Bangladesh: Empirical Analysis and Future Prospects. Energy Policy 149. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2020.112049

3. Come Zebra E. I., van der Windt H. J., Nhumaio G., Faaij A.P. (2021). A Review of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems in Mini-Grids for Off-Grid Electrification in Developing Countries. Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev. 144. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111036

4. Doytch N., Narayan S. (2021). Does Transitioning towards Renewable Energy Accelerate Economic Growth? an Analysis of Sectoral Growth for a Dynamic Panel of Countries. Energy 235. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2021.121290

5. Jenniches S. (2018). Assessing the Regional Economic Impacts of Renewable Energy Sources — A Literature Review. Renew. Sustain. Energ. Rev. 93 (October), pp. 35–51. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.008

6. Ogonowski P. (2021). Application of VMCM, to Assess of Renewable Energy Impact in European Union Countries. Proced. Comput. Sci. 192, pp. 4762–4769. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2021.09.254

7. Shrinkhal R. (2019). «Economics, Technology, and Environmental Protection», in Phytomanagement of Polluted Sites (Amsterdam: Elsevier), pp. 569–580. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-813912-7.00022-3

DOI: 10.33917/mic-5.112.2023.85-93

The program to support the development of renewable energy sources on the territory of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as DMP RES 2.0) is analyzed. The calculation of the current cost of installing renewable generation facilities, included in the two generations of the state program of CSA RES, is carried out. The resulting calculation allows the article to compare the current market state and cost of solar and wind generation projects in Russia in comparison with international practice. In addition, the article outlines a path to achieve grid parity in the cost of electricity from renewable energy sources, taking into account the current situation. Based on the work done, recommendations are given on the way to develop a support system for renewable energy in Russia.

References: 

Statistical Review of World Energy. URL: https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review
2. SO UES. Report on the functioning of the UES of Russia in 2022. URL: https://www.so-ups.ru/functioning/tech-disc/tech-disc2023/otchet-o-funkcionirovanii-eehs/
3. Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 9, 2020 N 1523-r “On approval of the energy strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035.” URL: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/74148810/?ysclid=lninhe5guw590149448
4. Rodygina N.Yu., Rudanets V.S. Methods of state regulation and instruments of state support for renewable energy sources in Russia and abroad. Education and Law. 2023;7:69-76. (In Russ.).
5. Salygin V.I., Guliev I.A., Ryabova M.I. Problems and prospects for the development of the renewable energy sector in China. Bulletin of MGIMO University. 2015;4 (43):36-45. (In Russ.).
6. Berezkin M.Yu., Sinyugin O.A. Features of development and measures to support renewable energy sources in Japan and the USA. Environment and Energy Science. 2022;2:4-17. (In Russ.).
7. Maksimov A.G. RES 2.0: New program for the development of «green» energy in Russia. Energy Policy. 2020;11(153):22-27. (In Russ.).
8. IRENA (2023), Renewable Energy Statistics 2023. The International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. URL: https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Jul/Renewable-energy-statistics-2023
9. IRENA Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2018. URL: https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/May/Renewable-power-generation-costs-in-2018
10. Information published for project selection. URL: https://www.atsenergo.ru/vie/otborinfo

DOI: 10.33917/mic-5.112.2023.16-22

The article examines the regional structure of investment in the development of renewable sources of electricity and the impact of the global energy crisis on its volume. Forecasts are made for the development of renewable energy based on the current state and the impact of the global energy crisis on the plans drawn up by the world community to achieve sustainable development goals. Structural changes in the global energy transition and, in particular, in the process of developing electricity generation based on renewable energy sources in the period from 2021 to 2022 are analyzed.

References: 

1. Energy Institute. Statistical Review of World Energy, 2023. URL: https://www.energyinst.org/statistical-review
2. Includes data from Cedigaz. FGE MENAgas service. URL: https://data.subak.org/dataset/gas-trade-in-bcm
3. Novak A. The global energy crisis: who is to blame and what to do? //Energy policy. 2022;2(168):4-11. (In Russ.).
4. IRENA. Renewable energy statistics 2023. URL: https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Jul/Renewable-energy-statistics-2023
5. Miles S., Collins G., Mikulska A. US Needs LNG to Fight a Two-Front Gas War, 2022. URL: https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/us-needs-lng-fight-two-front-gas-war-0
6. Statistical Review of World Energy 2022. BP, 2022. URL: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf?ysclid=ln797a4qkg508696584
7. International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA. Renewable power generation costs in 2020. – eBook Partnership, 2022. URL: https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2020
8. International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA. Renewable power generation costs in 2022. URL: https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Aug/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2022
9. IEA. World Energy Investment 2023. URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2023
10. Berezkin M.Yu., Degtyarev K.S., Sinyugin O.A. Structural and dynamic characteristics of the investment process in the global renewable energy in the post-crisis period //Plumbing, heating, air conditioning. 2017;1:82-85.
11. Climate Policy Initiative et al. Global Landscape of Renewable Energy Finance 2023. URL: https://www.irena.org/Publications/2023/Feb/Global-landscape-of-renewable-energy-finance-2023
12. BloombergNEF. Energy Transition Investment Trends 2023. URL: https://www.bloomberg.com/professional/blog/webinar/energy-transition-investment-trends-2023/
13. REN21. Renewables 2022 Global Status Report. URL: https://www.unep.org/resources/report/renewables-2022-global-status-report

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.108.2023.52-60

This article provides an analytical review of government programs and incentive projects for leading EU companies in the use of renewable energy sources (RES), hydrogen and recycling of municipal solid waste (MSW) under economic sanctions. It has been established that the federal government of Germany, as the leading EU country, as part of stimulating the use of renewable energy, has launched a series of public and public-private (with the involvement of large investors) projects and financing programs that are aimed at private households, as well as municipalities and companies. The 7 largest projects and programs for the use of renewable energy and hydrogen were analyzed, as well as the 6 largest projects and programs for the recycling of solid waste. It has been established that renewable energy sources have begun to play an important role in the structure of the energy balance of the entire European Union, in no way inferior to fossil fuels.

References:

1. Alekseev A.E., Novitsky I.Yu., Zhenzhebir V.N., Pshava T.S., Shestov A.V. International globalization and transformation of the concept of energy security. Online journal of Science Studies. 2015;7(6(31)):2. (In Russ).

2. Alekseev A.E., Novitsky I.Yu., Zhenzhebir V.N., Pshava T.S., Dadugin M.V. Energy security in the European Union: problems of «dependence» and development. Online journal of Science Studies. 2015;7(6 (31):3. (In Russ).

3. Vukovich N.A., Polyanskaya O.A. Bioenergy as a driver of green economy development in Russia. Beneficiary. 2020;4 (37):4-10. (In Russ).

4. Novitsky I.Yu., Alekseev A.E., Pshava T.S., Zhenzhebir V.N., Shestov A.V. Energy security as a factor of international development. Online journal of Science Studies. 2015;7(6(31)):69. (In Russ).

5. Novitsky I.Yu., Alekseev A.E., Zhenzhebir V.N., Pshava T.S., Shestov A.V. European business and energy security in the light of the global crisis. Online journal of Science Studies. 2015;7(6 (31)):70. (In Russ).

6. Polozhentseva I.V., Alekseev A.E., Novitsky I.Yu., Zhenzhebir V.N., Pshava T.S. The dilemma of the political elite of the European Union countries in the energy sector. Online journal of Science Studies. 2015;7(6 (31)):78. (In Russ).

7. Polyanskaya O.A., Tatarenko V.N. Economics and management of an energy enterprise. Textbook in the direction 13.03.01 «Heat power engineering and heat engineering» profile «Industrial heat power engineering». St. Petersburg, 2020.

8. Polyanskaya O.A. The future of bioenergy. Modern aspects of the economy. 2015;9 (217):8-10. (In Russ).

9. Stolyarova A.N., Shutov O.L., Mustafinova D.S. Problems of strategic management of the development of the fuel and energy complex of Russia. Bulletin of MIRBIS. 2022;1 (29):92-99. (In Russ).

10. Teslenko I.B., Prochnova A.A. Forecast scenarios for the development of energy markets. Economics and management: problems, solutions. 2020;3(11(107)):15-19. (In Russ).

11. Filatov V.V., Dorofeev A.Yu., Palastina I.P., Polozhentseva I.V., Tsarev A.A. The economy of Russia and the Eurozone: the current state and prospects of development. Online journal of Science Studies. 2015;7(2 (27)):78. (In Russ).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.183.2022.88-95

The main criterion for classifying hydrogen is the amount of carbon emissions generated during its production. Since only green hydrogen, received from renewable energy sources (RES), can be considered a fuel with a minimal carbon footprint, the article examines the question of to what extent the hydrogen strategies of various countries may be regarded as decarbonized. A typological approach is applied and a framework is established to define the stringency of green hydrogen regulation in national hydrogen strategies based on three parameters: fossil fuel penalties, hydrogen certification and exceptional technology development. According to these parameters, countries are classified into groups depending on the degree of regulation severity. The problems, associated with increasing the strictness of regulation for hydrogen production both at the national and international levels, are identified.

Источники:

1. Hydrogen from renewable power. Technology outlook for the energy transition. IRENA. 2018. URL: https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/Sep/IRENA_Hydrogen_from_renewable_power_2018.pdf.

2. Etapy sertifikatsii. 2022 [Certification Stages. 2022]. CERTIFHY. URL: https://www.certifhy.eu/steps-of-certification/

3. Indiya obnarodovala svoyu vodorodnuyu politiku [India has Unveiled Its Hydrogen Policy]. RenEn, 2022, available at: https://renen.ru/indiya-obnarodovalasvoyu-vodorodnuyu-politiku/

4. Garcia-Herrero A., Tagliapietra S., Vorsatz V. Hydrogen development strategies: a global perspective. Bruegel, 2021, available at: https://www.bruegel.org/2021/08/hydrogen-development-strategies-a-global-perspective/

5. Chili planiruet voiti v troiku krupneishikh eksporterov zelenogo vodoroda — strategiya [Chile Plans to Become One of the Top Three Exporters of Green Hydrogen — Strategy]. RenEn, 2020, available at: https://renen.ru/chili-planiruet-vojti-v-trojku-krupnejshih-eksportyorov-zelyonogo-vodoroda/

6. Opublikovana vodorodnaya strategiya Norvegii [Norway has Published Its Hydrogen Strategy]. RenEn, 2020, available at: https://renen.ru/opublikovanavodorodnaya-strategiya-norvegii/

7. Ministry of Power notifies Green Hydrogen / Green Ammonia Policy. Press Information Bureau Government of India, 2020, available at: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1799067.

8. The Norwegian Government’s hydrogen strategy. Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment, 2020, available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/40026db2148e41eda8e3792d259efb6b/y-0127e.pdf.

9. OAE ob”yavili o dorozhnoi karte vodorodnogo liderstva, ukreplyaya priverzhennost’ strany k sozdaniyu ekonomicheskikh vozmozhnostei posredstvom reshitel’nykh deistvii v oblasti klimata [UAE Announced Hydrogen Leadership Roadmap, Confirming Country’s Commitment to Creating Economic Opportunities Through Decisive Climate Action]. Emirates News Agency — WAM, 2021, available at: https://wam.ae/ru/details/1395302989185.

DOI: 10.33917/es- 1.175.2021.14-21

The growth in primary energy consumption in 2019 by 1.3% was provided by renewable energy sources and natural gas, which together provided 75% of the increase. China in the period 2010–2020 held a leading position in the growth of demand for energy resources, but according to forecasts, India will join it in the current decade

DOI: 10.33917/mic-6.89.2019.70-72

This article examines the existing paradigm of energy and the goal paradigm on the basis of the transition to a decentralized power supply associated with the development of digitization, renewable energy sources and energy storage, of transfer from AC to DC of different voltage.