DOI: 10.33917/es-6.204.2025.56-63

The article presents the author’s approach to technological sovereignty based on data from the international assessment, conducted by the UN. The author proposes a concept for representing technological sovereignty in the form of three components (structural elements): information and communication security (digital security), infrastructural (logistics) security and scientific-technological security. To assess each component of technological sovereignty it is proposed to use the corresponding indicators, grouped in accordance with the author’s approach. In addition, the article provides the author’s analysis of countries that have achieved Goal 9 of the Sustainable Development based on statistical data, provided by the UN, and the corresponding threshold values for each indicator of the countries under consideration.

References:

1. Potaptseva E.V., Akberdina V.V. Tekhnologicheskiy suverenitet: ponyatie, soderzhanie i formy realizatsii [Technological Sovereignty: Concept, Content and Forms of Implementation]. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, 2023, vol. 25, no 3, pp. 5–16.

2. Strategiya nauchno-tekhnologicheskogo razvitiya Soyuznogo gosudarstva na period do 2035 goda [Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Union State for the Period up to 2035]. Informatsionno-analiticheskiy portal Soyuznogo gosudarstva. 2024. 31 yanvarya, available at: https://soyuz.by/projects/dekrety-vysshego-gosudarstvennogo-soveta-soyuznogo-gosudarstva/postanovlenie-ot-29-yanvarya-2024-g-2-o-strategii-nauchno-tehnologicheskogo-razvitiya-soyuznogo-gosudarstva-na-period-do-2035-goda

3. Tseli v oblasti ustoychivogo razvitiya [Sustainable Development Goals]. OON. Tseli v oblasti ustoychivogo razvitiya, available at: https://www.un.org/ sustainabledevelopment/ru/infrastructure-industrialization/#tab-a971aadac89bd5b8b3a

4. The SDGS in action. UNDP, available at: https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals

5. Sustainable development report 2019, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2019/2019_sustainable_development_ report.pdf

6. Sustainable development report 2020, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2020/2020_sustainable_development_ report.pdf

7. Sustainable development report 2021, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2021/2021-sustainable-development-report.pdf

8. Sustainable development report 2022, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2022/2022-sustainable-development-report.pdf

9. Sustainable development report 2023, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2023/sustainable-development-report-2023.pdf

10. Sustainable development report 2024, available at: https://s3.amazonaws.com/sustainabledevelopment.report/2024/sustainable-development-report-2024.pdf

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.6-19

The article examines the problems of transforming the system for economic management of the Russian Federation, which could make it function in conditions of hybrid risks and critical threats. A set of measures for transforming management systems is structured, a number of functional stages is identified. The article substantiates the need to develop both general management and specific technical measures aimed at ensuring that the controlled contour of the system of state and corporate management centers within the resource supply infrastructure should be prepared for these types of risks and threats. The author concludes that the most appropriate management tool is adoption of a digital “twin” model of an economic entity (organizational agent). Obtained results will enable authorities to address organizational challenges in the event of the “drop-out of control centers at various levels” in order to operate with industry (regional) control centers and to work in a dialogue mode with structures of the Russian Federation Government and infrastructure organizations.

References:

1. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. SShA, Kitay, Rossiya: konfliktnye uyazvimosti v usloviyakh tranzita k novoy geostrategicheskoy paradigm [USA, China, Russia: Conflict Vulnerabilities in the Context of Transition to a New Geostrategic Paradigm]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2024, vol. 26, no 6(198), pp. 16–25, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-6.198.2024.16-25

2. Ageev A.I., Grabchak E.P., Loginov E.L. Ustoychivost’ ekonomicheskoy supersistemy Rossii i Belorussii v usloviyakh yadernoy ataki [Stability of the Economic Supersystem of Russia and Belarus in the Event of a Nuclear Attack]. Mikroekonomika, 2025, no 2, pp. 5–13. DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.121.2025. 5-13.

3. Perevooruzhenie Evropy [Rearmament of Europe]. Livejournal, 2025, 7 marta, available at: https://spydell.livejournal.com/802118.html

4. Pavel Shpidel’: Raskhody federal’nogo byudzheta Rossii [Expenditures of the Federal Budget of Russia]. Dzen, 2024, 1 oktyabrya, available at: https://dzen.ru/a/ZvwlBD2apwzl2Nap

5. Byudzhet Rossii [Budget of Russia]. TADVISER, 2025, 22 yanvarya, available at: https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/Статья:Бюджет_России

6. Kak izmenyatsya gosudarstvennye raskhody v Rossii v 2025? [How will Government Spending Change in Russia in 2025?]. Livejournal, 2024, 3 oktyabrya, available at: https://spydell.livejournal.com/789883.html

7. Baza dannykh voennykh raskhodov SIPRI [SIPRI Military Expenditure Database]. SIPRI. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, available at: https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex

8. Dinamika oboronnykh raskhodov Rossii [Dynamics of Russia’s Defense Expenditures], available at: https://yandex.ru/images/

9. Ivanter V.V., Budanov I.A., Korovkin A.G., Sutyagin V.S. Prikladnoe prognozirovanie natsional’noy ekonomiki: Ucheb. posobie dlya vuzov. Gl. 29. Voenno-promyshlennyy kompleks [Applied Forecasting of the National Economy: Textbook for Universities. Chapter 29. Military-Industrial Complex]. Moscow, Ekonomist, 2007, 896 p. P. 711–736, available at: https://ecfor.ru/wp-content/uploads/books/uch/29.pdf

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.20-27

The article examines transformation of the international financial settlement system, catalyzed by anti-Russian sanctions. Formation of a new global financial system is facing resistance from the beneficiaries of the existing world order, but there are ways to bypass the barriers being erected. Fur ther development will require complete replacement of Western financial instruments and institutions in the markets and jurisdictions of non-Western countries.

References:

1. Ageev A. I. Smena gegemona: voyna i ekonomika [The Change of the Hegemon: War and Economics]. Moscow, INES, RUBIN, 2016, 184 p.

2. Glaz’ev S.Yu. Poslednyaya mirovaya voyna. SShA nachinayut i proigryvayut [The Last World War. The USA Starts and Loses]. Moscow, Knizhnyy mir, 2016, 512 p.

3. Dalio R. Principles for Dealing with the Changing World Order: Why Nations Succeed and Fail. Avid Reader Press/Simon & Schuster, 2021, 576 p.

4. Dolya dollara i evro pri raschetakh za rossiyskiy eksport upala nizhe 20% [The Share of the Dollar and Euro in Settlements for Russian Exports Fell Below 20%]. RBK, 2024, 17 avgusta, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/finances/17/08/2024/66bf2e639a7947944b318a70

5. Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities, available at: https://ticdata.treasury.gov/Publish/mfh.txt

6. Kakie strany vladeyut bol’shey chast’yu dolga SShA? [Which Countries Own the Most US Debt?]. USAFacts, 2024, 1 avgusta, available at: https://usafacts.org/articles/which-countries-own-the-most-us-debt/

7. Gold Demand Trends Full Year 2022. World Gold Council, 2023, January 31, available at: https://www.gold.org/goldhub/research/gold-demand-trends/gold-demand-trends-full-year-2022

8. China Gold Reserves. Trading Economics, available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/china/gold-reserves

9. RBI Moves 100 Tonnes Gold from UK to Its Vaults in India. Times of India, 2024, May 31, available at: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/indiabusiness/rbi-brings-back-over-100-tonnes-of-gold-from-uk-to-its-reserves-report/articleshow/110497346.cms

10. RMB Tracker. March 2025, available at: https://www.swift.com/sites/default/files/files/rmb-tracker_march-2025.pdf

11. Babaev K.V., Sergienko E.E., Van Tszinvey, Li Fen, Sazonov S.L. Internatsionalizatsiya yuanya v ramkakh initsiativy “Poyas i Put’” [Internationalization of the Yuan within the Framework of the Belt and Road Initiative]. ETAP: Ekonomicheskaya Teoriya, Analiz, Praktika, 2024, no 1, pp. 75–90.

12. The First China-UAE Gas Deal in Yuan: A New Blow to Dollar Dominance. The Cradle. 2023. April 6, available at: https://thecradle.co/articles/the-firstchina-uae-gas-deal-in-yuan-a-new-blow-to-dollar-dominance

13. Reuters: neftyanye sdelki Rossii s Indiey podryvayut gospodstvo dollara [Reuters: Russia’s Oil Deals with India Undermine the Dollar’s Dominance]. TASS, 2023, 8 marta, available at: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/17219603?utm_source=rfinance

14. Chast’ krupnykh bankov Kitaya perestala prinimat’ platezhi iz Rossii [Some Major Chinese Banks Have Stopped Accepting Payments from Russia]. RBK, 2024, 17 aprelya, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/business/17/04/2024/661f4a3c9a7947ce48d663ca

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.28-33

In 2024, the Nobel Prize was awarded to American economists Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson (new institutional economics). The article contains a critical analysis of theoretical approaches and anti-Russian statements of the new Nobel laureates. Contrary to their optimistic expectations, the socio-economic development of a number of A frican countries after the “Arab Spring” is characterized by acute problems and economic indicators of the leading countries of “democratic” Europe remain relatively weak for a long period of time. The ar ticle also examines current trends and forecasts in foreign direct investments (FDI). High levels of uncer tainty in the global economy and new tariffs imposed by the United States in 2025 are creating a lot of new risks for global value chains and foreign direct investments. In these circumstances, the author suggests recalling some of the ideas of past Nobel laureates Paul Krugman, Simon Kuznets, V.V. Leontief and Jan Tinbergen on the role of economic, industrial and migration policies, as well as policy in the sphere of foreign direct investments and economic integration. The article also offers some recommendations for economic policy in Russia.

References:

1. Adzhemoglu S., Robinson D. Pochemu odni strany bogatye, a drugie bednye. Proiskhozhdenie vlasti, protsvetaniya i nishchety [Why Nations Fail. The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty]. Moscow, AST, 2024, 668 p.

2. The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2024: Press Release. The Nobel Prize, available at: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2024/press-release/

3. Biggest Support Package to Ukraine So Far Increases Swedish Support to SEK 29.5 Billion for 2025. Government Offices of Sweden, available at: https://www.government.se/press-releases/2025/03/biggest-support-package-to-ukraine-so-far-increases-swedish-support-to-sek-29.5-billion-for-2025

4. Tatuzov V.Yu. Ogranichitel’naya monetarnaya politika — prepyatstvie dlya pryamykh inostrannykh investitsiy [Restrictive Monetary Policy — an Obstacle to Foreign Direct Investment]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 6. Ekonomika, 2024, no 4(59), pp. 49–65, DOI: https://doi.org/10.55959/MSU0130-0105-6-59-4-3

5. Global Investment Trends Monitor, 2025, no 48, UNCTAD, available at: https://unctad.org/publications-search?f%5B0%5D=product%3A6096.

6. Handbook of Statistics — 2024. UNCTAD, available at: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/tdstat49_en.pdf

7. UNCTAD Trade and Development Foresights 2025: Under Pressure — Uncertainty Reshapes Global Economic Prospects. Geneva, UNCTAD, 2025, 55 p.

8. Leontief W. Domestic Production and Foreign Trade; The American Capital Position Re-Examined. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1953, no 4(97), pp. 332–349.

9. Kuznets S., Rubin E. Immigration and the Foreign Born. New York, NBER, 1954, 107 p.

10. Kuznets S. Population, Capital and Growth. London, Neineman, 1974, 342 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.34-39

The article identifies characteristics and development trends of the stock markets of the EAEU member countries in the context of the digital economy’s development. It outlines the main challenges facing the development of the stock markets of the EAEU countries. The author substantiates the importance of harmonizing national legislation and creating a common digital architecture to improve the efficiency of risk management and to strengthen integration of the stock markets of the EAEU member countries. It is concluded that digital transformation is a key factor in overcoming differences in the development of stock markets in the EAEU countries.

References:

1. Terenichenko A.A. Sravnitel’no-pravovoy analiz razvitiya rynka tsennykh bumag stran — uchastnits Evraziyskogo ekonomicheskogo soyuza [Comparative Legal Analysis of the Development of the Securities Market of the Countries Participating in the Eurasian Economic Union]. Agrarnoe i zemel’noe pravo, 2017, no 3(147), pp. 42–46.

2. Kulakova E.V. Vozmozhnosti i perspektivy integratsii EAES v finansovoy sfere [Opportunities and Prospects for Integration of the EAEU in the Financial Sector]. Mir novoy ekonomiki, 2017, no 2, pp. 38–45.

3. Shvaygert D.V. Institutsional’noe razvitie integratsii infrastrukturnykh organizatsiy fondovykh rynkov SNG i EAES [Institutional Development of Integration of Infrastructure Organizations of Stock Markets of the CIS and the EAEU]. Human Progress, 2015, vol. 1, no 4, pp. 60–79.

4. Dogovor o Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soyuze (podpisan v g. Astane 29 maya 2014 g.) (red. ot 25 maya 2023 g.) (s izm. i dop., vstup. v silu s 24 iyunya 2024 g.) [Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (signed in Astana on May 29, 2014) (as amended on May 25, 2023) (as amended and supplemented, entered into force on June 24, 2024)]. Konsul’tant, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/

5. Principles of the trading system. WTO, available at: https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact2_e.htm

6. Prilozhenie N 17 k Dogovoru o Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soyuze (Protokol po finansovym uslugam) [Appendix No. 17 to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (Protocol on Financial Services)]. Konsul’tant, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/6e98d66c53206813800fdef7b3692dbc90f83c79/#dst103788

7. Prilozhenie N 1 k Protokolu po finansovym uslugam [Appendix No. 1 to the Protocol on Financial Services]. Konsul’tant, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_163855/823373b5e42b9e5d815887166f0f639070b50f13/#dst103974

8. Kontseptsiya formirovaniya obshchego finansovogo rynka EAES [The Concept of Forming a Common Financial Market of the EAEU]. EEK, available at: https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dofp/conception.php

9. Rasporyazhenie Soveta Evraziyskoy ekonomicheskoy komissii ot 23 noyabrya 2020 g. N 27 “O plane meropriyatiy po garmonizatsii zakonodatel’stva gosudarstv — chlenov Evraziyskogo ekonomicheskogo soyuza v sfere finansovogo rynka” [Order of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission of November 23, 2020 No. 27 “On the Action Plan for the Harmonization of the Legislation of the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union in the Financial Market”]. EEK, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_371826/1c69fbe37d5087eb211e769dda5826d3b35fba97/

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.42-47

In recent years, relations between Russia and China have reached a new level and received the status of a “comprehensive partnership”. This fact is confirmed by the trade indicators between Russia and China, as well as export and import indicators in the period from 2021 to 2024. However, against the background of the introduction of secondary sanctions by the US and the EU in August 2024 against Russian business partners, Russia and China are forced to look for alternative methods of financial settlements for mutual trade operations, since the previously used methods have ceased to work. New methods of financial settlements today include: settlements through regional banks of China, through third-party intermediaries, the use of cryptocurrency, as well as by opening a foreign branch in the territory of the Russian Federation. However, mediation turned out to be the most acceptable method.

References:

1. Timofeev I.N. Vtorichnye sanktsii SShA na rossiyskom napravlenii: opyt empiricheskogo analiza [US Secondary Sanctions on Russia: An Empirical Analysis]. Sravnitel’naya politika, 2024, vol. 15, no 1, pp. 95–114, available at: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/vtorichnyesanktsii-ssha-na-rossiyskom-napravlenii-opyt-empiricheskogo-analiza/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.46272/2221-3279-2024-1-15-95-114

2. Jay Si. 美国制裁背景下，中国企业涉俄金属采矿业务的风险与应对. Zhong Lun Law Firm, USA, 2024, available at: 美国制裁背景下，中国企业涉俄金属采矿业务的风险与应对. Lexology.

3. Tsyplakov S. Ob osnovnykh trendakh razvitiya torgovli Rossii i Kitaya [On the Main Trends in the Development of Trade between Russia and China]. Rossiyskiy sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam, 2024, 13 sentyabrya, available at: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/ob-osnovnykhtrendakh-razvitiya-torgovli-rossii-i-kitaya/

4. Petrov E., Slovesnyy I. Rossiya i Kitay nachali aktivno iskat’ novye instrumenty raschetov [Russia and China have begun Actively Searching for New Payment Instruments]. Delovoy Peterburg, 2024, 26 avgusta, available at: https://www.dp.ru/a/2024/08/26/rossija-i-kitaj-nachali-aktivno

5. 基于企业视角的中俄贸易跨境人民币结算问题研究，作者：张玉雷， 2023年第21期，年期卷6

6. Inostrannym bankam s 1 sentyabrya 2024 goda razreshat otkryvat’ filialy v Rossii [Foreign Banks will be Allowed to Open Branches in Russia from September 1, 2024]. Ministerstvo finansov RF, 2024, 25 iyulya, available at: https://minfin.gov.ru/ru/press-center/?id_4=39192-inostrannym_bankam_s_1_sentyabrya_2024_ goda_razreshat_otkryvat_filialy_v_rossii&ysclid=m2ltuy58kc61754410

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.199.2025.44-49

The purpose of the present study is to identif y the specifics of using the world capital market by developed and developing countries in modern conditions. It has been established that the interests of developed countries consist in shaping a controlled international financial market that will ensure long-term and low-volatility returns on assets without taking into account the interests of other entities in the global capital mark et. The interests of countries with developing economies are reduced to ensuring maximum return on assets in the shor t-term period, since in the long term they cannot compete with developed countries in the global financial mark et. Based on econometric calculations, it was made an assessment of the effects of growing investment returns in developed and developing countries due to the presence of competitive advantages in the global capital market. It is concluded that the global capital market is used by developed and developing countries in different ways — the former seek to ensure preservation of their privileges through exploiting global imbalances, the latter — to gain access to borrowed capital in order to stimulate their own economic development. Disproportions in the use and regulation of the global capital market lead to dependent position of developing economies, which is why they are striving to transform the global financial architecture to protect their own national interests.

References:

1. Vinokurov E.Yu., Grichik M.V. Novaya kontseptsiya mezhdunarodnykh rezervov: bezopasnost’, diversifikatsiya, neortodoksal’nye podkhody [New Concept of International Reserves: Security, Diversification, Unorthodox Approaches]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2022, no 12, pp. 24–43.

2. Voskanyan M.A., Khurshudyan S.E. Kontsentratsiya kapitala v global’noy ekonomike kak faktor neravnomernogo raspredeleniya dokhodov [Concentration of Capital in the Global Economy as a Factor in Unequal Income Distribution]. Sovremennaya mirovaya ekonomika, 2023, vol. 1, no 2(2).

3. Golovnin M.Yu., Nikitina S.A. Sovremennye tendentsii dinamiki mezhdunarodnykh potokov kapitala [Current Trends in the Dynamics of International Capital Flows]. Mir novoy ekonomiki, 2018, no 12(4), pp. 46–56.

4. Kuznetsov A.V. Kontseptual’nye podkhody k formirovaniyu ustoychivoy mirovoy valyutno-finansovoy sistemy [Conceptual Approaches to Formation of a Sustainable Global Monetary and Financial System]. Finansy: teoriya i praktika, 2023, no 27(4), pp. 164–172.

5. Bulatov A. Kuda dvizhetsya mirovoy kapital [Where is the Global Capital Heading?]. Ekons, available at: https://econs.online/articles/opinions/kudadvizhetsya-mirovoy-kapital/

6. FDI income by counterpart area, BMD4. OECD, available at: https://www.oecd.org/

7. Country Composition of WEO Groups. IMF, available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/groups-and-aggregates

8. Nesterov I.O. Rezervnye valyuty — istochnik nestabil’nosti mirovoy valyutnoy sistemy? [Reserve Currencies — a Source of Instability in the Global Monetary System?]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Ekonomika, 2012, no 4, pp. 115–123.

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.199.2025.34-43

The author explores and compares relationship between the energy industry and economic growth of China and Russia through the cointegration equation and the VECM model. The results prove that China’s energy production hasn’t got any long-term or short-term impact on GDP fluctuations and growth, while oil and natural gas consumption has a long-term impact on GDP growth, coal and natural gas consumption has a short-term positive impact on GDP growth. Energy production and consumption in Russia have an impact on GDP growth. Production of renewable energy, coal and natural gas as well as consumption of coal and natural gas have long-term equilibrium effects on GDP growth, while production of coal and natural gas as well as consumption of coal, oil and natural gas cause short-term positive fluctuations in GDP growth.

References:

1. Kraft J., Kraft A. On the Relationship Between Energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 1978, no 3(2), pp. 401–403, available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/24806805

2. Yu E., Choi J.Y. The Causal Relationship between Energy and GNP: An International Comparison. Journal of Energy Finance & Development, 1985, no 10, pp. 249–272.

3. Kuzovkin A.I. Prognoz energoemkosti VVP Rossii i razvitykh stran na 2020 g. [Forecast of Energy Intensity of GDP in Russia and Developed Countries for 2020]. Problemy prognozirovaniya, 2010, no 3, pp. 144–148.

4. Wang Xuhui, Liu Yong. China’s energy consumption and economic growth: based on cointegration analysis and Granger causality test. Resources Science, 2007, no 29(5), p. 6.

5. Lola I.S., Gluzdovskiy S.V. Primenenie metodov vektornoy avtoregressii v issledovanii vliyaniya malogo roznichnogo predprinimatel’stva na dinamiku torgovli [Application of Vector Autoregression Methods in the Study of the Impact of Small Retail Businesses on Trade Dynamics]. Voprosy statistiki, 2018, vol. 25, no 11, pp. 3–12, EDN VNBZMD

6. Matveev M.G. Parametricheskaya identifikatsiya modeley vektornoy avtoregressii [Parametric Identification of Vector Autoregression Models]. Sovremennaya ekonomika: problemy i resheniya, 2015, no 5, pp. 133–142, available at: ht tps://journals.vsu.ru/meps/article/view/4347

7. Yue Xiaowen. Restoration of oil and gas industry: A review of Russia’s oil and gas industry in 2021. International Petroleum Economics, 2022, no 30(5), pp. 47–52.

8. Hou Meifang. The current situation, challenges and countermeasures of China’s energy transformation and energy security under the goal of carbon neutrality. Journal of Southwest Petroleum University (Natural Science Edition), 2023, no 45(2): 1-1, DOI: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2023.01.12.02

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.199.2025.24-33

This article is devoted to the anniversary of the Eurasian Economic Union, which began to function on January 1, 2015. In the article, the authors analyze the difficult historical path of the evolution of Eurasian integration cooperation in the post-Soviet space, the formation of integration ideas and their implementation. The motivations, practice and complex circumstances of the ongoing processes of Eurasian integration are considered.

References:

1. Demografiya v tsifrakh. Statistika Evraziyskoy ekonomicheskoy komissii: Evraziyskaya ekonomicheskaya komissiya [Demography in Figures. Statistics of the Eurasian Economic Commission: Eurasian Economic Commission]. Moscow, 2023, 70 p.

2. Dogovor o Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soyuze ot 29 maya 2014 g. [Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Evraziyskoy ekonomicheskoy komissii; Ofitsial’nyy internet-portal pravovoy informatsii, available at: http://www.eurasiancommission.org; http://pravo.gov.ru

3. EAES. Evraziyskaya ekonomicheskaya komissiya. 2020–2023 [EAEU. Eurasian Economic Commission. 2020–2023], available at: https://eec.eaeunion.org/

upload/medialibrary/807/EEC-Book-2020_2023.pdf

4. Oblizina V.V. Integratsionnye protsessy v Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soobshchestve: institutsional’nye osnovy i tekhnologii realizatsii: diss. … kand.

polit. nauk [Integration Processes in the Eurasian Economic Community: Institutional Foundations and Implementation Technologies: diss…. Candidate of Political Sciences]. N. Novgorod, 2007, 161 p.

5. Soglashenie o sozdanii Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv (vmeste s Protokolom k Soglasheniyu o sozdanii Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, podpisannomu 8 dekabrya 1991 g. v g. Minske Respublikoy Belarus’, Rossiyskoy Federatsiey (RSFSR), Ukrainoy); protokol podpisan v g. Alma-Ate 21 dekabrya 1991 g. [Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (together with the Protocol to the Agreement on the Establishment

of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on December 8, 1991 in Minsk by the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation (RSFSR), and Ukraine);

the protocol was signed in Alma-Ata on December 21, 1991]. Sodruzhestvo. Informatsionnyy vestnik Sovetov glav gosudarstv i pravitel’stv SNG, 1992, Vyp. 1, pp. 6–8, 11.

6. Reshenie Soveta glav gosudarstv SNG “O prinyatii Ustava SNG” (vmeste s Ustavom Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv) (prinyato v g. Minske 22 yanvarya 1993 g.) (s izm. ot 19 sentyabrya 2003 g.) [Decision of the Council of Heads of State of the CIS “On the Adoption of the CIS Charter” (together with the Charterof the Commonwealth of Independent States) (adopted in Minsk on January 22, 1993) (as amended on September 19, 2003)]. Sodruzhestvo. Informatsionnyy

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7. Soglashenie o koordinatsionnykh institutakh SNG ot 21 dekabrya 1991 g. [Agreement on the CIS Coordinating Institutions of December 21, 1991]. Vedomosti SND i VS RF, 1991, 19 dekabrya, no 51, st. 1798; Sodruzhestvo. Informatsionnyy vestnik Soveta glav gosudarstv i Soveta glav pravitel’stv SNG, 1992, no 1.

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.199.2025.6-23

The article examines a possible nuclear attack as a civil problem of managing super-large organizational systems. The key tool for structuring the problem is agent-based modeling. Calculations show that even in case of a nuclear attack, the Russian Federation ensures its infrastructural and institutional stability, maintaining all control levers in the loop of state stability and life support for the population while solving the problems of necessary support for defence and security functionality. In this case, a difficult question arises: at what cost?

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