DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.127.2026.98-111

The mechanism of cyclical interaction of institutions of budgetary, tax and monetary policy is revealed, as a result of which there is an initially unpredictable misalignment between formally logical decisions of individual regulators obtained within the framework of the traditional axiom of transitivity as a key criterion of rationality of actions. The emergence of these cycles, known as «institutional traps», is due to the objective non-transitivity of external and internal preference or superiority relationships between the institutions and their elements. The essence of «institutional traps» is that improving the performance of one institution can lead to a negative impact on the performance of another institution, and vice versa. Such «institutional traps» can create initially unpredictable threats to a country’s economic security, reducing the effectiveness of public administration. The article presents a theoretical model of the non-transitivity of preference relations between institutions of macroeconomic regulation, and identifies ways to reduce the level of risks associated with the negative manifestation of the non-transitivity of these relations.

References:

1. Anishchenko E.V. Theory and methodology of sustainability of ensuring economic security of the subjects of the Russian Federation, dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Economics: specialty 08.00.05. — Moscow: Kikot Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2020. 469 p.

2. Poddyakov A.N. The non-transitivity of superiority and its use for deception and training of thinking. Psychological and economic research. 2016;3(9):43-50.

3. Muntiyan V.I. Challenges and threats to Russia’s economic security in conditions of uncertainty / Economic security of the country, regions, organizations of various types of activity: proceedings of the V All-Russian Forum. Tyumen: TSU-Press, 2024. pp. 108-122.

4. Milovidov V.D. The trap of narratives: the influence of scientific hypotheses on the effectiveness of economic policy. Economic issues. 2025;9:126-141.

5. Chebotarev S.S., Anishchenko A.V. Institutional problems of the implementation of the strategy of economic security of Russia. On guard of the economy. 2021;1:85-97.

6. Yanushkina Yu.I. The correlation of the concepts of economic security and financial security in the modern scientific concept in ensuring the state security of the Russian Federation. Problems of economics and legal practice. 2025;21(3):239-245.

7. Polterovich V.M. Institutional traps and economic reforms. Economics and mathematical methods. 1999;35(2):3-40.

8. Proskurnova K.Y. Issues of spatial development of Russian regions. Public administration. Electronic bulletin. 2022;92:116-128.

9. Bragin V. Expert named the “three paradoxes” of the Russian economy. RBK. 2025. February 18. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/18/02/2025/67b46bac9a7947d7bac8d27b

10. Balatskiy E.V. «Institutional trap»: a scientific term and a beautiful metaphor. Journal of Institutional Research. 2020;12(3):24-41.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-6.125.2025.97-113

This article uses econometric modeling methods to examine a set of topological factors encompassing various mechanisms of the socio-economic system’s functioning. Correlation and regression analysis are used to determine linear relationships and establish the level of objective significance of factors influencing the formation of an active field of social protest in society. A set of econometric forecasting models has been developed, using the characteristics of scenario criteria for the socio-economic and political development of the state as exogenous variables influencing the degree of social protest in society. Three scenarios have been calculated based on these models: the baseline (the most probable), an optimistic scenario, and a pessimistic scenario. From an economic security perspective, the results obtained have been used to formulate a short-term forecast that reflects the dynamics of protest activity in the Russian Federation from 2022 to 2026 inclusive. Furthermore, at the final stage of the experiment, threshold values were determined for all the factors under study. This, combined with the proposed economic and mathematical method, provides a set of tools for making management decisions in the face of growing social tension.

References:

1. Alekseenok A.A., Baranochnikov V.A. The Influence of the Middle Class on the Level of Social Tension in Modern Society. Tula State University News. Humanities. 2012. No. 1-1. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-srednego-klassa-na-uroven-sotsialnoy-napryazhennosti-v-sovremennom-obschestve

2. Baranova G.V. A Model for Assessing Protest Forms of Socio-Political Activity. Theories and Problems of Political Research. 2016;4:97–108.

3. Beshlyk V.E., Svetlakov A.G. The Concept of «Justice» as an Element of the Economic Security System. Competitiveness in the Global World: Economics, Science, and Technology. 2022;11:217–223.

4. Gross National Income (million rubles, annual indicator value). EMISS State Statistics. URL: https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/30947

5. Gross National Income per capita in countries of the world. URL: https://svspb.net/danmark/vnd-stran-na-dushu-naselenija.php

6. Total registered crimes in the Russian Federation. Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. Legal Statistics Portal. URL: http://crimestat.ru/offenses_table

7. Bank of Russia Roadmap for the Development of Financing for Small and Medium-Sized Businesses. URL: https://cbr.ru/Content/Document/File/144001/Road_Map_development_2023-24.pdf

8. Housing in Russia. Federal State Statistics Service. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Jil_hoz_2022.pdf

9. Healthcare in Russia. Federal State Statistics Service. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13218

10. Corruption Perceptions Index. URL: https://transparency.org.ru/search/

11. Quality of Life Index by Country. Numbeo. URL: https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp?

12. Consumer Price Indices in the Russian Federation in 1991–2022. Federal State Statistics Service. Federal State Statistics Service. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/ind_potreb_cen_05.html

DOI: 10.33917/mic-6.125.2025.88-96

The problems of cartel agreements in the public procurement system are analyzed. The causes of cartel collusion and their impact on the economic security of the state are investigated. The system of factors determining the cartel agreement is presented, the author’s definition of the concept of cartel agreement is given.

References:

1. Official website of the Unified Information System in the Sphere of Procurement. URL: https://zakupki.gov.ru/epz/main/public/home.html

2. Official website of the Federal Antimonopoly Service. URL: https://fas.gov.ru/news/33767

3. Puzyrevsky S.A. Competition Law of Russia: Textbook. Moscow: Prospect, 2021. 640 p.

4. Kinev A.Yu. Cartels and Other Anticompetitive Agreements. Moscow; Berlin: Infotropic Media, 2011. 352 p.

5. Raizberg B.A. Modern Socioeconomic Dictionary. SPb: INFRA-M, 2009. 209 p.

6. Marshall R.C., & Marx L.M. The economics of collision: Cartels and bidding rings, Mit Press, 2012. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227458370

7. Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, 10 November 1997, pp. 1–144. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/ams/sign

DOI: 10.33917/mic-5.124.2025.86-93

The article examines the historical stages of the development of ideology in Russia, starting with the Christianization of Ancient Rus’ and ending with the formation of the modern state ideological model. Attention is paid to the role of religion, political concepts, foreign policy and economic factors in the formation of national identity. The work analyzes ideological concepts of different eras, reveals their continuity and transformations.

References:

1. Klyuchevsky V.O. Course in Russian History. Moscow: Mysl’, 2020. – 1153 p.

2. Kuznetsov V.N. Ideology of Russia’s Development. Moscow: Kniga i biznes, 2010. – 498 p.

3. Soloviev S.M. History of Russia from Ancient Times. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2018. – 786 p.

4. Ilyin I.A. Essence and Uniqueness of Russian Culture. Moscow: Russkaya kniga – 21st Century, 2007. – 462 p.

5. Zhukotskaya A.V. Problemy Ideologii (Socio-Philosophical Analysis). Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Philosophy) Dissertation – 09.00.11. Moscow: Moscow State Pedagogical University, 2018. – 42 p. URL: http://irbis.gnpbu.ru/Aref_1998/Jukotskaya_A_V_1998.pdf

6. Chernikov M.V. About ideology Lessons of Marxism. Free thought. 2021. No. 1. pp. 21-27. URL: http://www.svom.info/entry/967-ob-ideoloii-uroki-marksizma/

7. National ideology of Russia. Project. M.: Pero Publishing House, 2023. – 64 p. URL: https://storage.strategy24.ru/files/project/202305/13575df9a6c33a69d94a1a558be135c9.pdf

8. Gulyga A.V. Russian idea and its creators. Moscow: EKSMO, 2003. – 448 p.

9. Kuznetsov V.N. Russian Ideology 21: An Experience of Sociological Research into the Formation of Russian Ideology of the 21st Century. Moscow: 2004. – 551 p.

10. Gobozov I.A. State and National Identity: Globalization or Internationalization? Moscow: Lenand, 2019. – 200 p.

11. Kuznetsov V.N. Sociology of Ideology: A Textbook. Moscow: University Book House, 2009. – 380 p.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.123.2025.111-117

The need to analyze the fundamental problems of the development of education in Russia in modern conditions necessitates the need to clarify the principles of the functioning of the national educational system and the methodological foundations for understanding the role of education in developing effective measures to ensure economic security and influence the development of Russian reality in the context of the transformation of the existing monopolar world order into a multipolar governance structure of world civilization.

References:

1. Anishchenko A.V., Faibusovich K.B. Financial sovereignty and financial security of Russia in the modern world: lessons of history. Questions of history. 2023; 2(1):118-127.

2. Worked according to European standards: how the Secret Chancellery protected Peter I and Russian sovereignty. URL: https://russian.rt.com/science/article/499360-rossia-300-let-taynaya-kancelyaria

3. Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Electronic museum of constitutional history of Russia. URL: http://rusconstitution.ru/term/44/

4. History of the collapse of the USSR. Prerequisites and main steps. URL: https://tass.ru/info/13298931

5. Law of the RSFSR of 31.10.1990 No. 293-1 «On Ensuring the Economic Basis for the Sovereignty of the RSFSR». URL: http://www.consultant.ru/

6. Law of the Russian Federation of 05.03.1992 No. 2446-1 «On Security». Vedomosti of the CIS and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. from 09.04.1992, No. 15, Art. 769.

7. Constitution of the Russian Federation (Adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993, with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020). URL: http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102027595

8. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 17.12.1997 No. 1300 On Approval of the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_17186/

9. Memories of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich: two books in one volume. 2nd ed., corrected. Moscow: 2001. 524 p. ISBN 5-8159-0023-0.

10. Federal Law of 28.12.2010 No. 390-FZ «On Security». URL: https://base.garant.ru/12181538/

11. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 02.07.2021 No. 400 «On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation». URL: https://base.garant.ru/401425792/

12. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 28.02.2024 No. 145 «On the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation». URL: https://base.garant.ru/408618353/

DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.123.2025.106-110

There are currently many problems in forestry, including deep-rooted problems in the form of illegal logging, corruption in the division of forest resources and the growth of organized crime. Regions where logging is almost the only source of livelihood for the population are particularly susceptible to these problems. The perception of forest resources as simple raw materials that bring quick profits, rather than as a valuable ecosystem that creates a climate balance, leads to negative consequences leading to the depletion of national wealth. The existing methods of assessing the level of the shadow economy of forestry cannot provide a comprehensive picture, as well as determine the indicators that most affect latent crimes in the field of forestry. The authors propose a methodology for determining the shadow economy of forestry, followed by strategic measures to improve the economic security of forestry.

References:

1. Brief edition of «Russkaya Pravda». Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries. Vol. 1. Moscow, 1984.  p. 38.

2. Kuramshin V.Ya. Brief history of forestry in Russia. Forest Bulletin. 2019;2:50-52.

3. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 27.12.2019). URL: https://base.garant.ru/10108000/

4. Forest Code of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2006 No. 200-FZ (as amended on 04.08.2023 Federal Law No. 486). URL: https://base.garant.ru/12150845/

5. Konstantinov A.V. Subject – object structure of economic security in the forestry sector of the economy. Socio-economic phenomena and processes. 2025;10(5):30-35.

6. Myasnikov D.A. Tools and methods for determining the scale of the shadow economy in the forestry complex: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Econ.) Dissertation. Irkutsk, 2009. 23 p.

7. Tolpyshev G.V. Economic formats for identifying latent crimes in the activities of forestry organizations. Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Econ.) Dissertation. Perm, 2020. 23 p.

8. Pinaev I.Yu., Svetlakov A.G. Methodological approaches to determining the level of the shadow economy in forestry. Microeconomics. 2025;1(120):86-91.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-3.122.2025.15-28

This article examines the methodological aspects of the formation of a risk management system in international commodity supply chains in modern socio-economic conditions. The paper considers the impact of the following risk groups in international commodity supply chains: static (simple), dynamic (speculative) risks, diversification, dissipation, hedging, risk transfer, supplier risks and risks of geopolitical instability.

The issues of risk prevention and mitigation are becoming more and more in demand in international supply chains. Russian companies are forced to take risks in order to achieve their goals, and risk management is designed to optimize the set of risks. In conditions where market economy actors risk not only their own, but also a large number of borrowed funds, the consequences become more acute. In case of failure, not only Russian companies lose, but also their economic infrastructure, in particular, counterparties. That is why Russian companies should pay great attention to the introduction of effective risk management, thanks to which it is possible to identify emerging risks and opportunities in a timely manner, as well as respond to them in a timely manner.

References: 

1. Afendikova E.Yu., Ksenzhuk A.N., Kovaleva V.I. Risk management tools in crisis management of a modern enterprise: identification and classification of risks. In the collection: Eurasian Science. Moscow, 2024. pp. 453-455.

2. Bobrova A.V. Factor analysis of the effectiveness of international commodity supply chains. In the collection: Problems of economic security and customs regulation: the search for effective solutions. South Ural State University. 2023. pp. 30-43.

3. Klimashevich S.V. Digitalization of transport corridors as a promising tool for the development of international supply chains. In the collection: Logistics – the Eurasian bridge. Krasnoyarsk, 2021. pp. 322-325.

4. Kopylova O.A., Mishkurov P.N. Designing a supply chain taking into account the risks of organizing international transportation and general logistical costs. In the collection: Polytransport systems. Novosibirsk, 2024. pp. 103-108.

5. Kostioglo V.Kh., Titovets M.I., Titovets E.I. Supply chain management in conditions of international economic instability. Economics: yesterday, today, tomorrow. 2024;14(4-1):796-805.

6. Mesharova E.Y. The impact of sanctions on international supply chains. In the collection: Innovative aspects of service and tourism development. Collection of articles of the VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference. 2020. pp. 75-79.

7. Mishchishina A.N. Directions of restructuring international supply chains as a basis for socio-economic development of Russia. In the collection: A young researcher. Lipetsk, 2024. pp. 436-439.

8. Mitko O.A. A modern view on the development and planning of supply chains: an international aspect. In the collection: Creative logistics: strategies and technologies. Rostov-on-Don, 2024. pp. 88-92.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-3.122.2025.5-14

The article considers the problems of counteracting the risks of initiated loss of controllability of state organizational systems in the context of attempts to seize power by an identified and unidentified enemy. A set of indicators describing the system under consideration is analyzed, and the relationships between these indicators are established.

References: 

1. Abramov V.I., Loginov E.L. Agent-based approaches to the analysis and forecasting of political sentiment in society and the construction of mechanisms for adjusting positive and negative reactions to socio-political situations. Russia in the 21st century: global challenges and development prospects: Proceedings of the Seventh International Forum, Moscow, December 20–21, 2018. Moscow: IPR RAS, 2018. pp. 373-376.

2. Ageev A.I., Grabchak E.P., Loginov E.L. Use of artificial intelligence in the implementation of troop command and control of civilian facilities as a single hybrid battlefield. Neurocomputers and their application: Abstracts of the XX All-Russian Scientific Conference, Moscow, March 22, 2022. Moscow: MGPPU, 2022. pp. 31-33.

3. Ageev A.I., Ivanova O.D., Loshchinin A.A. Technology of the information space of data and improvement of public administration. Economic strategies. 2023;25(6 (192)):62-67.

4. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L., Raikov A.N. Information systems for emergency management. Economic strategies. 2019;21(2(160)):20-29.

5. Grigoriev V.V., Loginov E.L. Strategic operations: maintaining the economic basis for the stability of the political regime of the Russian Federation in the context of international sanctions. Problems of Improving the Efficiency of Scientific Work in the Military-Industrial Complex of Russia: Proceedings of the VII All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference, Znamensk, April 11-12, 2024. Astrakhan: Astrakhan State University named after V.N. Tatishchev, 2024. pp. 204-205.

6. Grigoriev V.V., Loginov E.L., Shkuta A.A. Development of New Intelligent Information and Analytical Services Using Factor Analysis and Clustering to Identify Transactions with Signs of Participation in the Financing of Terrorism. Bulletin of the Central Economics and Mathematics Institute. 2019;2:16.

7. Loginov E.L. Using Big Data Technologies to Counter Mass Riots in Conditions of Lack of Information and Uncertainty of the Situation Development. Artificial Intelligence (Big Data) in the Service of the Police: Collection of Articles from the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Moscow, November 28, 2019. Moscow: Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 2020. pp. 145-150.

8. Loginov E.L., Matveev A.G., Shkuta A.A. Determination of Parameters of Localized States of Implicit Groups with Their Own Component of Active Behavior That Does Not Coincide with the Vector of Actions of the State Supersystem. Artificial Societies. 2019;14(1):5.

9. Loginov E.L. Interception of Control over Complex Organizational Systems in the Context of Blurring Boundaries between Physical, Cognitive, and Digital Activity Spaces and Management Environments. Economy: Theory and Practice. 2024; (1(73)):3-10.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.110-117

The object of the study is transnational organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the subject is socio-economic factors that affect regional security. Today, Latin America and the Caribbean is one of the “hottest” regions in terms of organized crime and drug trafficking. Violence is considered to be a consequence of transnational organized crime, the methods and scale of which are increasing every year. In the article, the authors examine the features of transnational organized crime, which is becoming the core of the most acute challenges in this part of the world, also analyze the main socio-economic factors that affect the level of regional security. The authors conclude that the most destabilizing effects are exerted by such factors as social inequality, corruption, weakness of law enforcement institutions, money laundering, false urbanization and a developed shadow sector of the economy.

References: 

1. Trends in world military expenditure, 2023. SIPRI Fact Sheet, April 2024, available at: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf

2. Pyatakov A.N. Transnatsional’naya organizovannaya prestupnost’ v stranakh Latinskoy Ameriki: sovremennye tendentsii razvitiya i voenno-silovye sposoby protivodeystviya [Transnational Organized Crime in Latin American Countries: Modern Development Trends and Military-force Methods of Counteraction]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, Seriya 25: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya i mirovaya politika, 2023, vol. 15, no 2, pp. 65–93.

3. Violent Crime and Insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean: a macroeconomic perspective. International Monetary Fund, October 2024, available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385720836_Violent_Crime_and_Insecurity_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean—A_Macroeconomic_Perspective

4. Global Study on Homicide 2023. UNDOC, available at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/gsh/2023/Global_study_on_homicide_2023_web.pdf

5. Violent Crime and Insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean: a macroeconomic perspective. International Monetary Fund, October 2024, available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385720836_Violent_Crime_and_Insecurity_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean—A_Macroeconomic_Perspective

6. World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2024, available at: https://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/global/2024

7. Human Development Report 2023/2024: breaking the gridlock. UNDP, available at: https://www.undp.org/latin-america/press-releases/human-developmentlatin-america-and-caribbean-improves-more-other-regions-fails-recover-pre-pandemic-levels-reveals-undp

8. Global Economic Prospects 2024. World Bank, June 2024, available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d644659c-2e22-410e-98a5-b8a40dc6c183/content

9. Godovoy otchet 2024 [Annual Report 2024]. Gruppa Vsemirnogo banka, available at: https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/about/annual-report#anchor-annual

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.104-109

The article examines fundamental causes of fraud in the financial sector based on global practice and Russian experience in fighting cybercrimes. Growing indicators prove ineffectiveness of all measures taken, including restrictions imposed by states. The issue can be resolved only by turning to the alpha and omega of economic science — to a man or more precisely to a human capital, which the author in his previous studies, based on works of the Soviet cybernetic school, have defined not only as knowledge, talents and abilities, but also as directed thinking algorithms. These algorithms now have become the main object of appropriation. Banks, IT-corporations, telecom operators and fraudsters compete for them in order to control a person and induce him to transfer his financial resources or his data for their appropriation by fraudsters.

References: 

1. Rezul’taty ezhegodnogo vserossiyskogo sotsiologicheskogo monitoringa “Finansovaya gramotnost’ rossiyan — 2024” [Results of the Annual All-Russian Sociological Monitoring “Financial Literacy of Russians — 2024”]. Analiticheskiy tsentr NAFI, Moscow, 2024, available at: https://nafi.ru/upload/iblock/9bd/9bd4081

a5c55f503ab6610296892ed2a.pdf?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fdzen.ru%2Fmedia%2Fid%2F5d41a1ee8da1ce00afb2d1e5%2F66c5dd22a7321d7404b4c06e

2. Alekseevskikh A. “Rodstvennik popal v bedu”. Novye skhemy moshennichestva i layfkhaki dlya rossiyan [“A Relative Got into Trouble.” New Fraud Schemes and Life Hacks for Russians]. Gazeta.ru, 2024, 6 sentyabrya, available at: https://www.gazeta.ru/amp/business/2024/09/06/19704493.shtml

3. Dornadula V.N., Geetha S. Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Procedia Computer Science, 2019, no 165, pp. 631–641, DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.01.057

4. Thennakoon A., Bhagyani C., Premadasa S., Mihiranga S., Kuruwitaarachchi N. Real-Time Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning. 2019 9^th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence), Noida, 2019, 10–11 January, pp. 488–493, available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8776942; https://doi.org/10.1109/CONFLUENCE.2019.8776942

5. Bouch A. 3-D Secure: A critical review of 3-D Secure and its effectiveness in preventing card not present fraud. University of London, Londra, 2011, DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14201/ADCAIJ2016535561

6. Buell S. What is Securities Fraud 61 Duke L.J. 511. 2011–2012, available at: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=OTE8FpMAAAAJ&citation_for_view=OTE8FpMAAAAJ:UebtZRa9Y70C

7. Pokida A.N., Zybunovskaya N.V. Razlichiya v povedencheskikh praktikakh po sokhraneniyu i ukrepleniyu zdorov’ya sredi rabotnikov umstvennogo i fizicheskogo truda [Differences in Behavioral Practices for Maintaining and Improving Health Among Mental and Physical Workers]. Zdorov’e naseleniya i sreda obitaniya — ZNiSO, 2022. № 9. S. 18–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35627/2219-5238/2022-30-9-18-28