DOI: 10.33917/es-2.206.2026.52-57

China’s labour market is experiencing dual structural pressure caused by accelerated economy digitalization and the deepening population aging. On the one hand, technological progress is transforming professions, stimulating growth of the gig economy and changing work values. On the other hand, decline in the share of young workers and growing number of elderly citizens are creating staff shortage and increasing productivity requirements. The present article analyses combined impact of these trends, examines adaptation mechanisms at the enterprise and public policy levels and draws conclusions about transformation of the labour market towards greater flexibility, automation and increased human capital value.

References:

1. Mozias P.M. Ekonomika Kitaya: novye trevogi [China’s Economy: New Concerns]. *Obshchestvo i gosudarstvo v Kitae,* 2015, no 18-2, pp. 558—599.

2. Karnyushkova M.M. Transformatsiya rynka truda pod vozdeystviem tsifrovykh tekhnologiy: Aktual’nye voprosy ekonomiki i informatsionnykh tekhnologiy: Cb. materialov dokladov 61-y nauchnoy konferentsii aspirantov, magistrantov i studentov BGUIR. Minsk, 20—25 aprelya 2025 g. [Transformation of the Labor Market Under the Influence of Digital Technologies: Current Issues in Economics and Information Technology: Collection of Papers from the 61st Scientific Conference of Postgraduate, Master’s, and Undergraduate Students of BSUIR. Minsk, April 20—25, 2025.]. Belorusskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet informatiki i radioelektroniki. Minsk, 2025, pp. 536—540.

3. Dong-Jin Lee, Jae H. Pae, Y.H. Wong. A model of close business relationships in China (guanxi). *European Journal of Marketing,* 2001, vol. 35, iss. 1/2, pp. 51—69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560110363346

4. Belokrylova O.S., Situkho A.N. Strukturnye preobrazovaniya prekariata kak sledstvie Chetvertoy promyshlennoy revolyutsii: Proizvodstvo, nauka i obrazovanie v epokhu transformatsiy: Rossiya v [de]globaliziruyushchemsya mire (PNO-VI) [Structural Transformations of the Precariat as a Consequence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Production, Science and Education in the Era of Transformation: Russia in a [De]globalizing World (PNO-VI)]. Vol. 2, Pod obshch. red. S.D. Bodrunova, A.V. Buzgalina. Moscow, INIR imeni S.Yu. Vitte, 2020, pp. 103—110.

5. Egorushkina T.N. Problemy transformatsii rynka truda pod vliyaniem Chetvertoy promyshlennoy revolyutsii [Problems of Transformation of the Labor Market under the Influence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution]. *Sfera uslug: innovatsii i kachestvo,* 2021, no 54, pp. 23—36.

6. Veshkurova A.B., Terganov Ya.K. Tsifrovaya transformatsiya i bezrabotitsa: puti sovmeshcheniya tekhnologicheskogo progressa i obespecheniya zanyatosti naseleniya [Digital Transformation and Unemployment: Ways to Combine Technological Progress and Employment]. *Ekonomika truda,* 2023, vol. 10, no 5, pp. 665—684.

7. Lyu P., Belokrylova O.S. Perspektivy zanyatosti v usloviyakh perekhoda k Industrii 4.0 (na primere Kitaya) [Belokrylova O.S. Employment Prospects in the Context of the Transition to Industry 4.0 (using China as an Example)]. *Sotsial’nye novatsii i sotsial’nye nauki,* 2022, no 1(6), pp. 140—147.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.206.2026.46-51

The paper examines peculiarities of the circular economy (CEE) concept’s diffusion across the European Union, taking into account differences in regional and national contexts. It is widely recognized that successful implementation of the CEE concept requires collaboration at all levels of government. Most studies focus on the role of either purely regional or purely national factors in advancing towards the circular economy. The present article examines both regional and national factors. Furthermore, it is stated that another untapped factor that contributes to accelerated transition to the CEE is effective use of the “cultural capital” available in a particular region, so it’s necessary to have cultural profiles of countries, as well as regions within countries. An important area of activity, in terms of developing the CEE concept, is expansion of the information environment through intensifying research and innovation initiatives. Understanding the peculiarities of spreading the CEE in the EU, as a leading region in this sphere, will allow other regions, such as ASEAN, to better plan their strategy in implementing the fundamental principles of this concept.

References:

1. Arsova S., Genovese A., Ketikidis P.H. Implementing circular economy in a regional context: a systematic literature review and a research agenda. *Journal of Cleaner Production*, 2022, no 368, pp. 133117, available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133117

2. Konyukhov V.Yu., Ilyushkina E.S., Nasyrova O.V., Kopylova E.O. Ekonomika zamknutogo tsikla: evropeyskiy opyt [Circular Economics: European Experience]. *Molodezhnyy vestnik IrGTU*, 2016, p. 16.

3. Marino A., Pariso P. Comparing European country’s performances in the transition towards the Circular Economy. *Science of the Total Environment*, 2020, no 729, p. 138142, available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138142

4. Bassi A.M., Bianchi M., Guzzetti M., et al. Improving the understanding of circular economy potential at territorial level using systems thinking. *Sustainable Production and Consumption*, 2021, no 27(128), p. 140, available at: https://doi.Org/l0.1016/j.spc.2020.10.02S

5. Hondroyiannis G., Sardianou E., Nikou V., et al. Circular economy and macroeconomic performance: evidence across 28 European countries. *Ecological economics*, 2024, no 215, p. 108002, available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.108002

6. Mazur-Wierzbicka E. Circular economy: advancement of European Union countries. *Environmental Sciences Europe*, 2021, no 33, pp. 1—15, available at: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00549-0

7. Galliano D., Nadel S., Triboulet P. The geography of environmental innovation: a rural/urban comparison. *Annals of Regional Science*, 2023, no 71(1), pp. 27—59, available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-022-01149-3

8. Robaina M., Villar J., Pereira E.T. The determinants for a circular economy in Europe. *Environmental Science and Pollution Research*, 2020, no 27(11), pp. 12566—12578, available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07847-9

DOI: 10.33917/es-6.204.2025.42-49

The objective criterion of management are not ratings and assessments, but results. Since “any modeling is carried out by humans and for humans” [1], we are talking about increasing the quality of people’s life in the relevant public legal entity (hereinafter PLE), including their safety, and about profits of the relevant corporations. For this, an information model of power is important, and it is important for managers to move from thinking in words to thinking in equations [1]. “Less pompous phrases, more simple everyday work and concern for a pood of bread and a pood of coal” [2].

References:

1. Glushkov V.M. Kibernetika. Voprosy truda i praktika [Cybernetics: Issues of Work and Practice]. Moscow, Nauka, 1986. 488 s.

2. Lenin V.I. Polnoe sobranie sochineniy [Complete works]. Vol. 39. Moscow, Izd-vo politicheskoy literatury, 1972, p. 23.

3. Shumpeter Y. Teoriya ekonomicheskogo razvitiya: Issledovanie predprinimatel’skoy pribyli, kapitala, kredita, protsenta i tsikla kon”yunktury [Theory of Economic Development: An Investigation of Entrepreneurial Profit, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle]. Moscow, URSS, 2024, 400 p.

4. Lange O. Vvedenie v ekonomicheskuyu kibernetiku [Introduction to Economic Cybernetics]. Moscow, Progress, 1968, 207 p.

5. Vanchurin V., Wolf Yu.I., Katsnelson M.I., Kooni E.V. Toward a theory of evolution as multilevel learning. PNAS, February 4, 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2120037119

6. Bychkova N.Yu., Kiselev V.G. Ustoychivoe razvitie upravlyaemoy sistemy kak rezul’tat evolyutsii upravlencheskogo kapitala [Sustainable Development of a Managed System as a Result of the Evolution of Management Capital]. Innovatsii i investitsii, 2025, no 7, pp. 180–184, DOI: 10.24412/2307-180X-2025-7-180-184

7. Glaz’ev S.Yu. Za gorizontom kontsa istorii [Beyond the Horizon of the End of History]. Moscow, Prospekt, 2021, 416 p.

8. Gusakov V.G. Doklad na Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii “Strategiya razvitiya ekonomiki Belarusi: vyzovy, instrumenty realizatsii i perspektivy”, 16 noyabrya 2023 g. [Presentation at the International Scientific and Practical Conference «Strategy for the Development of the Belarusian Economy: Challenges, Implementation Tools, and Prospects,» November 16, 2023], available at: https://youtu.be/tDQ5x6v1t-0

9. Bychkova N.Yu. Soznanie kak ekonomicheskaya kategoriya [Consciousness as an Economic Category]. Innovatsii i investitsii, 2022, no 12, pp. 22–29, DOI: 10.24412/2307-180X-2022-12-22-29

10. Zhukov N.I. Filosofskie osnovy kibernetiki [Philosophical Foundations of Cybernetics]. Minsk, Izd-vo BGU, 1976, 224 p.

11. Druker P.F. Effektivnyy rukovoditel’ [Effective Leader]. Moscow, Mann, Ivanov i Ferber (MIF), 2012, 240 p.

12. Bychkova N.Yu. Samodostatochnost’ cheloveka kak osnova samodostatochnosti sotsial’no-ekonomicheskikh sistem i mnogopolyarnogo mira [Human Self-Sufficiency as the Basis for Self-Sufficiency of Socio-Economic Systems and a Multipolar World]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2024, no 1(193), pp. 93–99, DOI: 10.33917/es-1.193.2024.93-99

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.104-109

The article examines fundamental causes of fraud in the financial sector based on global practice and Russian experience in fighting cybercrimes. Growing indicators prove ineffectiveness of all measures taken, including restrictions imposed by states. The issue can be resolved only by turning to the alpha and omega of economic science — to a man or more precisely to a human capital, which the author in his previous studies, based on works of the Soviet cybernetic school, have defined not only as knowledge, talents and abilities, but also as directed thinking algorithms. These algorithms now have become the main object of appropriation. Banks, IT-corporations, telecom operators and fraudsters compete for them in order to control a person and induce him to transfer his financial resources or his data for their appropriation by fraudsters.

References: 

1. Rezul’taty ezhegodnogo vserossiyskogo sotsiologicheskogo monitoringa “Finansovaya gramotnost’ rossiyan — 2024” [Results of the Annual All-Russian Sociological Monitoring “Financial Literacy of Russians — 2024”]. Analiticheskiy tsentr NAFI, Moscow, 2024, available at: https://nafi.ru/upload/iblock/9bd/9bd4081

a5c55f503ab6610296892ed2a.pdf?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fdzen.ru%2Fmedia%2Fid%2F5d41a1ee8da1ce00afb2d1e5%2F66c5dd22a7321d7404b4c06e

2. Alekseevskikh A. “Rodstvennik popal v bedu”. Novye skhemy moshennichestva i layfkhaki dlya rossiyan [“A Relative Got into Trouble.” New Fraud Schemes and Life Hacks for Russians]. Gazeta.ru, 2024, 6 sentyabrya, available at: https://www.gazeta.ru/amp/business/2024/09/06/19704493.shtml

3. Dornadula V.N., Geetha S. Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Procedia Computer Science, 2019, no 165, pp. 631–641, DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.01.057

4. Thennakoon A., Bhagyani C., Premadasa S., Mihiranga S., Kuruwitaarachchi N. Real-Time Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning. 2019 9^th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence), Noida, 2019, 10–11 January, pp. 488–493, available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8776942; https://doi.org/10.1109/CONFLUENCE.2019.8776942

5. Bouch A. 3-D Secure: A critical review of 3-D Secure and its effectiveness in preventing card not present fraud. University of London, Londra, 2011, DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14201/ADCAIJ2016535561

6. Buell S. What is Securities Fraud 61 Duke L.J. 511. 2011–2012, available at: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=OTE8FpMAAAAJ&citation_for_view=OTE8FpMAAAAJ:UebtZRa9Y70C

7. Pokida A.N., Zybunovskaya N.V. Razlichiya v povedencheskikh praktikakh po sokhraneniyu i ukrepleniyu zdorov’ya sredi rabotnikov umstvennogo i fizicheskogo truda [Differences in Behavioral Practices for Maintaining and Improving Health Among Mental and Physical Workers]. Zdorov’e naseleniya i sreda obitaniya — ZNiSO, 2022. № 9. S. 18–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35627/2219-5238/2022-30-9-18-28

DOI: 10.33917/es-6.192.2023.84-89

Over the past few decades, the approach to assessing the competitiveness of the state has moved from a closer focus on strict economic indicators to the assessment of such parameters as the human-centeredness of the economy, improvement of the quality of life, emphasis on innovation and digital transformation. At the same time, it is not yet possible to assert the complete dominance of social parameters in the comprehensive image assessment of the state. Thus, according to the author of the study, the phenomenon of state competitiveness is inextricably linked to the desire of the world community for international economic security, which, in turn, is inseparable from the national economic security of individual actors. At the same time, the social orientation of the policy is not the last place in the assessment of national economic security, which is in line with the global trend to popularize non-economic image factors of competitiveness. Explores the conceptual framework, interrelation and interdependence of the concepts of state competitiveness and economic security, determining their essential indivisibility both in economic and political science boundaries.

References:

1. The Global Competitiveness Report 2011–2012. World Economic Forum. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. С. 3, 4.

2. Gordienko D.V., Safonov M.S. Reintegratsiya ili dezintegratsiya. Kak zashchitit’ natsional’nye interesy? [Reintegration or Disintegration. How to Protect National Interests?]. Moscow, Nauchnaya biblioteka, 2018, 384 p.

3. Gromova N.V. Rol’ chelovecheskogo kapitala v obespechenii konkurentosposobnosti sovremennykh kompanii [The Role of Human Capital in Ensuring the Competitiveness of Modern Companies]. Sovremennaya konkurentsiya, 2014, no 6, p. 128.

4. Mariya Chunikhina. Doklad Mishustina Putinu o sostoyanii ekonomiki strany v 2023 godu. Glavnoe [Mishustin’s Report to Putin on the State of the Country’s Economy in 2023. Main]. AiF, 2023, 5 iyulya, available at: https://aif.ru/money/economy/doklad_mishutina_putinu_o_sostoyanii_ekonomiki_strany_v_2023_godu_glavnoe

5. Zakon RF ot 5 marta 1992 g. N 2446-I “O bezopasnosti” (s izm. i dop.) [Law of the Russian Federation of March 5, 1992 No. 2446-I “On Security” (as amended and supplemented)]. Garant, available at: https://base.garant.ru/3959688/

6. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 29 aprelya 1996 g. N 608 [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated April 29, 1996 No. 608]. Ofitsial’nyi sait Prezidenta RF, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/9261

7. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 13 maya 2017 g. N 208 “O Strategii ekonomicheskoi bezopasnosti Rossiiskoi Federatsii na period do 2030 goda” [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2017 No. 208 “On the Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030”].

Ofitsialэnyi sait Prezidenta RF, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/41921

8. Morgenthau H.J., Knopf A.A. Politics Among Nations. The Struggle for Power and Peace. Second Edition. N.Y., 1955.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.111.2023.73-81

Considers the sustainable development of human capital as the basis for scientific and technological transformations of the Russian economy. The importance of considering this problem is due to the fact that innovative development, ensuring the technological security of the state, directly depends on the people who are called upon to solve this problem, on the level of human capital, the bearer of which they are. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between innovation activity and the level of human capital, to study the state of the main components of human capital, to identify problems and possible solutions. In the course of the study, general theoretical methods were used: analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction. The analysis showed that the global leaders in the field of innovation also occupy strong positions in terms of the level of human capital, and this trend is also typical for Russian regions. The study indicated the presence of a number of problems in the development of the main components of human capital, which, to a certain extent, is due to a decrease in federal budget spending on the main areas directly related to the development of human capital. A possible solution to the identified problems is proposed through the development and adoption of a comprehensive state program for the formation and development of human capital.

References: 

1. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated May 20, 2023 No. 1315-r “On approval of the Concept of technological development for the period up to 2030”. URL: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_447895/

2. Global Innovation Index 2022

3. Rating of regions by scientific and technological development – the results of 2021. URL: https://riarating.ru/infografika/20221024/630231634.html

4. Human development index in Russia: regional differences. URL: https://ac.gov.ru/uploads/2-Publications/analitika/2022/_2021_long.pdf

5. Most educated countries in 2023. URL: https://translated.turbopages.org/proxy_u/en-ru.ru.822d3c45-64ae8608-e9b7ec27-74722d776562/https/worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries

6. Information and analytical materials based on the results of monitoring the activities of educational institutions of higher education. URL: https://monitoring.miccedu.ru/?m=vpo&year=2021

7. In 2022, the size of the market for additional professional education in Russia decreased by 3.8%: from 824 to 793 million acad. hours. URL: https://businesstat.ru/news/additional_professional_education/

8. Demographics. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/12781

9. Life expectancy in Russia rose to a record high after a two-year decline. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/26/03/2023/641f04989a7947c736e37524

10. On the results of the work of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation in 2022 and tasks for 2023. URL: http://medinvestclub.ru/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/About-results-of-work.pdf

11. The main directions of the budget, tax and customs tariff policy for 2023 and for the planning period of 2024 and 2025. URL: https://minfin.gov.ru/common/upload/library/2022/10/main/Osn_2023-2025.pdf

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-2.182.2022.6-19

One of the most promising tools for monitoring and predicting social processes are agent-based models, which are widely used abroad. Their advantage lies in the consideration of the system under study at the level of its individual individuals, which increases the realism of these computer-based assessment methods. In Russia, this direction is also developing, although not so actively. The article discusses the dynamics of the population of Russia, as well as the factors of increasing the birth rate, successful examples of the practical implementation of agent models for studying social processes, a brief description of the model we developed, which includes 146 million agents, is given. With the help of this tool, a forecast of the population of Russia and an assessment of the impact on this indicator of some measures aimed at improving the demographic situation were obtained.

Источники:

1. Makarov V.L., Bakhtizin A.R., Il’in N.I. Modelirovanie i otsenka natsional’noi sily Rossii [Modeling and Assessing the National Strength of Russia]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2020, no 2, pp. 6–19, available at: DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-2.168.2020.6-19.

2. Makarov V.L., Bakhtizin A.R., Il’in N.I., Sushko E.D. Natsional’naya bezopasnost’ Rossii [National Security of Russia]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2020, no 5, pp. 6–23, available at: DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-5.171.2020.6-23.

3. Andreev E.M., Darskii L.E., Khar’kova T.L. Naselenie Sovetskogo Soyuza: 1922–1991 [Population of the Soviet Union: 1922–1991]. Moscow, Nauka, 1993, 143 p.

4. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoi statistiki [Federal State Statistics Service], available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru.

5. Zdravookhranenie [Healthcare]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoi statistiki, available at:  https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/13721.

6. Sobotka T., Matysiak A., Brzozowska Z. Policy responses to low fertility: How effective are they? Working Paper, May, 2019, N 1, available at: https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Policy_responses_low_fertility_UNFPA_WP_Final_corrections_7Feb2020_CLEAN.pdf.

7. The World Bank, available at: https://data.worldbank.org.

8. Aganbegyan A.G. O katastroficheskom uvelichenii smertnosti i merakh po sberezheniyu naroda v Rossii [On Catastrophic Increase in Mortality and Measures to Save the People in Russia]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2021, no 4, pp. 6–13, available at: DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-4.178.2021.6-13.

9. Country Comparisons — Death Rate. The World Factbook, available at: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/death-rate/country-comparison.

10. Goldstein J.R., Koulovatianos C., Li J., Schr der C. Evaluating how child allowances and daycare subsidies affect fertility. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, available at: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:3-430067.

11. Kalwij A. The impact of family policy expenditure on fertility in western Europe. Demography, 2010, N 47(2), pp. 503–519, available at: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0104.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-2.176.2021.22-37

Russia faces a critical choice. The world civilizational shift objectively determines the new roles of the individual, society, state and new models of their relationships and mutual influences. The digital citizen and the digital society are becoming the main factors of success in achieving national strategic goals, the balance of individual and social development forms the social order of the 21st century in Russia

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.163.2019.120-125

In the modern economy, an important role in providing sustainable development of an enterprise, a state and the world have got not only financial indicators, but also non-financial ones, especially human capital. The article dwells on the theories of human capital, their implementation in the third world countries and identifies directions for human capital development in these countries. In addition, the article analyzes the significance of human capital development for building an innovative society

After four years of depression (2013–2016), our country this year came out of recession and again went into a stage of stagnation. If we take serious measures that need to be worked out and basically adopted this year, then as early as 2018–2019, our country can resume socio-economic growth.