DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.48-57

The article examines the issues of identifying the amount of the software’s functional obsolescence within the cost approach framework. It is shown that methodology for calculating the functional depreciation of the software in Russia has not been developed, and this causes the difficulties in assessing the cost of software products.

As a result, the authors propose a multifactor model for assessing the software functional depreciation.

References:

1. Federal’nyy standart bukhgalterskogo ucheta FSBU 6/2020 (utv. prikazom Minfina ot 17 sentyabrya 2020 g. N 204n) [Federal Accounting Standard FSBU 6/2020 (Approved by the order of the Ministry of Finance dated September 17, 2020 No. 204n)]. Ministerstvo finansov RF, available at: https://minfin.gov.ru/ru/ document/?id_4=133537-

2. Mezhdunarodnyy standart finansovoy otchetnosti (IAS) 36 “Obestsenenie aktivov» (vveden v deystvie na territorii RF prikazom Minfina Rossii ot 28 dekabrya 2015 g. N 217n; v red. ot 14 dekabrya 2020 g.) [International Financial Reporting Standard (IAS) 36 “Impairment of Assets” (Introduced in the Territory of the Russian Federation by the order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2015 No. 217n; as amended on December 14, 2020)]. Ministerstvo finansov RF, available at: https://minfin.gov.ru/ru/document?id_4=15327-mezhdunarodnyi_standart_finansovoi_otchetnosti_ias_36_obestsenenie_aktivov

3. Bartels B., Ermel U., Sandborn P., Pecht M.G. Strategies to the Prediction, Mitigation and Management of Product Obsolescence, 2012, Wiley, pp. 4–26.

4. Statista [Website]. Portal statisticheskikh dannykh, available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/871513/worldwide-data-created/

5. Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Official Journal of the European Union, available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32012L0019&from=EN

6. Prikaz Minprirody Rossii ot 11 iyunya 2021 g. N 399 “Ob utverzhdenii trebovaniy pri obrashchenii s gruppami odnorodnykh otkhodov I–V klassov opasnosti” (zaregistr. v Minyuste Rossii 30 noyabrya 2021 g. N 66097) [Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated June 11, 2021 No. 399 “On Approval of Requirements for Handling Groups of Homogeneous waste of I-V Hazard Classes” (Registered in the Ministry of Justice of Russia on November 30, 2021 No. 66097)]. Konsul’tantPlyus, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_402074/

7. Prikaz Minprirody 4 aprelya 2023 g. N 173 “O vnesenii izmeneniy v Trebovaniya pri obrashchenii s gruppami odnorodnykh otkhodov I–V klassov opasnosti, utverzhdennye prikazom Ministerstva prirodnykh resursov i ekologii Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 11 iyunya 2021 g. N 399” [Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation dated April 4, 2023 No. 173 “On Amendments to the Requirements for Handling Groups of Homogeneous Waste of Hazard Classes I–V, Approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation dated June 11, 2021 No. 399”]. Ofitsial’noe opublikovanie pravovykh aktov, available at: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001202305290049

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.66-76

In the proposed material, the author presents a very favourable forecast for the appraisal industry development, based on wide opportunities opened up by the use of artificial intelligence and other digital technologies. For Russian conditions, the priority is to improve the quality of appraiser services. For these purposes, a new version of the Law on Appraisal Activities was adopted in the first reading. Overall, the past year was successful for the appraisal industry. The article briefly analyzes the state of the valuation market segments from the future prospects point of view. At the same time, the author points out that such a phenomenon as global turbulence can cause radical changes in the economy. Therefore, the main strategic task of companies is to achieve the maximum degree of sustainability in understanding resilience.

References:

1. Clemons D. The Future of Appraisal Management. Gosourceval, January 14, 2025, available at: https://gosourceval.com/appraisal-management-trends/

2. The future of the appraisal industry: trends and predictions. Appraisal Partners, December 29, 2024, available at: https://www.appraisalpartners.com/thefuture-of-the-appraisal-industry-trends-and-predictions/

3. Novye metody uluchsheniya kachestva otsenochnykh uslug: zakonodatel’nyy aspekt [New methods of improving the quality of appraisal services: legislative aspect]. NIK Otsenka, available at: https://nikocenka.ru/akcii_i_novosti/novye_metody_uluchsheniya_kachestva_ocenochnyh_uslug-_zakonodatelnyj_aspekt

4. Otsenshchiki ne mogut ostavat’sya v storone ot razvitiya sovremennykh tekhnologiy [Appraisers cannot remain aloof from the modern technologies development]. Kommersant””, 2024, 29 avgusta, available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6906381

5. Kakie izmeneniya proizoshli na rynke otsenki za god [What changes have occurred in the appraisal market over the year?]. Soyuz, available at: https:// srosoyz.ru/01.01.02.01/1552

6. Zarplaty rastut, lyudey net. Kak i pochemu Rossiya okazalas’ v lovushke kadrovogo goloda [Salaries are growing, but there are no people. How and why Russia found itself trapped in a personnel shortage]. Sekret firmy, 2024, 4 fevralya, available at: https://secretmag.ru/survival/rossiya-okazalas-v-lovushkekadrovogo-goloda.htm/

7. Kadrovyy golod v Rossii udvoitsya k 2029 godu [Russia’s labour shortage to double by 2029]. Finansy, 2025, 14 aprelya, available at: https://finance.mail. ru/2025-04-14/kadrovyy-golod-v-rossii-udvoitsya-k-2029-godu-65716697/

8. Rost IPO na fone kadrovogo goloda [IPO growth amid personnel shortage]. Kommersant””, 2024, 29 avgusta, available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/ doc/6892955

9. Rost rynka otsenki: kak izmeneniya v zakonodatel’stve, kadrovyy golod i novye tekhnologii sposobstvovali dinamike v otrasli v 2024 godu [Appraisal market growth: how legislative changes, labour shortages and new technologies have contributed to the industry dynamics in 2024]. Tsentr Analitik, 2024, 15 dekabrya, available at: https://analitik77.ru/rost-rynka-ocenki-kak-izmenenija-v-zakonodatelstve-i-kadrovyj-golod-i-novye-tehnologii-sposobstvovali-dinamikev-otrasli-v-2024-godu/

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.78-85

The world has entered a period of revolutionary transformations, which are based, among other things, on new technological, engineering and information solutions and business models derived from them.

References:

1. Zasedanie Soveta po nauke i obrazovaniyu pri Prezidente RF [Meeting of the Council for Science and Education under the President of the Russian Federation]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, 2025, 6 fevralya, available at: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/76222

2. Vayno A.E., Kobyakov A.A., Saraev V.N. Obraz pobedy [Image of Victory]. Moscow, Institut ekonomicheskikh strategiy RAN, 2012, 140 p.

3. Vayno A.E., Kobyakov A.A., Saraev V.N. Kod rynka [Market Code]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2011, no 11, pp. 94–99.

4. Saraev V.N. Bazovye modeli biznes-obolochki: Peterburgskiy ekonomicheskiy forum: GLOWERS-issledovanie global’nykh setey [Basic Models of Business Shell: St. Petersburg Economic Forum: GLOWERS-research of global networks]. 2011, 20 p.

5. Saraev V.N., Chudinova I.A. Biznes-modeli inzhenernykh resheniy: Mezhdunarodnyy nauchno-prakticheskiy inzhenernyy forum “Stroim budushchee vmeste”. Moskva, 4 marta 2025 g. [Business Models of Engineering Solutions: International Scientific and Practical Engineering Forum “Building the Future Together”. Moscow, March 4, 2025]. Moscow, Rossiyskiy dom nauchno-tekhnicheskogo sotrudnichestva.

6. Kuzyk B.N., Ageev A.I., Dobrocheev O.V., Kuroedov B.V., Myasoedov B.A. Rossiya v prostranstve i vremeni [Russia in Space and Time]. Moscow, Institut ekonomicheskikh strategiy RAN, 2004, 335 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.86-91

In the modern world, fundamentally new qualities have emerged. Without taking them into account, it is impossible to discuss seriously the prospects of technological innovations or socio-economic development problems. An adequate analytical apparatus is needed for analysis and management in the new reality (the so-called rapid development economy). It should be based on very simple models related to the nature of key innovations in the modern world economy and effective for wide application. The article shows that due to mass technologies of different nature, there is a tendency to form a mechanism providing optimization of the economic development process. Its effect reduces the impact of the key constraint on the economy of rapid development that occurs with increasing integration and the pace of change. This determines specific models of the rapid development economy and changes in the analytical apparatus of decision-making management. Key models for building strategies of the rapid development economy are proposed and examples of their application are reviewed.

References:

1. Firstov Yu.P., Nekhoroshkin N.I., Pakhomov S.V. Osobennosti strategiy tsifrovoy ekonomiki (ekonomiki bystrogo razvitiya). Chast’ 1 [Features of Digital Economy Strategies (Rapid Development Economy). Part 1]. Segodnya i zavtra rossiyskoy ekonomiki, 2019, pp. 82–93.

2. Glaz’ev S.Yu. Ryvok v budushchee. Rossiya v novykh mirokhozyaystvennom i tekhnologicheskom ukladakh. (Kollektsiya Izborskogo kluba) [A Leap into the Future. Russia in the New World Economic and Technological Orders. (Izborsk Club Collection)]. Moscow, Knizhnyy mir, 2018, 768 p.

3. Shvab K. Chetvertaya promyshlennaya revolyutsiya [Top Business Awards]. Moscow, Eksmo, 2016, 110 p.

4. Khazin M.L. Vospominaniya o budushchem. Idei sovremennoy ekonomiki [Memories of the Future. Ideas of Modern Economy]. Moscow, Pal’mira, 2019,

463 p.

5. Diasoft [Website], available at: https://www.diasoft.ru/

6. Neoeconomika [Website], available at: https://www neoeconomika.ru

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.92-97

The article explores digital money characteristics of both central bank and private sector in both advanced and emerging market economies. Newly emerging forms of the private sector electronic money (digital coins, or so-called cryptoassets), such as Bitcoin, have drawn much attention because the underlying distributed ledger technology used therein enables decentralized verification while maintaining cash-like functions.

Meanwhile, some central banks have explored potential application of the distributed ledger technology and issuing their own digital coins for general public or financial institutions – so-called the central bank digital currency initiatives. Over the past 12 months, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) have transformed from a distant concept into the core of the global economic policy agenda. Debates on CBDC have progressed towards adopting CBDC and its implications for the financial system. Such innovations evidently have serious consequences for the monetary system at both national and global levels.

References:

1. Central bank digital currencies: system design and interoperability. BIS, available at: https://www.bis.org/publ/othp42_system_design.pdf

2. Gross J., Schiller J. A model for central bank digital currencies: Do CBDCs disrupt the financial sector? SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020.

3. Schilling L. Risks Involved with CBDCs: On Cash, Privacy, and Information Centralization, 2019, available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=3479035

4. Tercero-Lucas D. Central Bank Digital Currencies and Financial Stability in a Modern Monetary System, 2022.

5. Davoodalhosseini S. Central Bank Digital Currency and Monetary Policy. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 2021, 142, 104150. 10.1016/j. jedc.2021.104150

6. Náñez A., Jorge-Vázquez J., Forradellas R. Central Banks Digital Currency: Detection of Optimal Countries for the Implementation of a CBDC and the Implication for Payment Industry Open Innovation. Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity, 2021. 7. 10.3390/joitmc7010072

7. Fernandez-Villaverde J., Sanches D., Schilling L., Uhlig H. Central bank digital currency: Central banking for all? Review of Economic Dynamics, 2020, 41. 10.1016/j.red.2020.12.004

8. Andolfatto D. Assessing the Impact of Central Bank Digital Currency on Private Banks. The Economic Journal, 2020, 131. 10.1093/ej/ueaa073

9. Auer R., Cornelli G., Frost J. Rise of the Central Bank Digital Currencies: Drivers, Approaches and Technologies. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020, 10.2139/ ssrn.3724070

10. Bindseil U. Tiered CBDC and the Financial System. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020, 10.2139/ssrn.3513422

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.98-101

The article examines the concept of an enterprise digital twin (EDT) as an organizational and managerial mechanism based on business capabilities. Business capability is a holistic system for carrying out a specific type of activity, whose behaviour is strategically predetermined in a unique and unambiguous way within an ecosystem and its implementation is variable, including processes, organization and all types of resources. The author proposes a methodology for forming a business capability map using a federalistic approach to integrating data and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, which ensures high adaptability and ecosystems transparency. Based on theoretical analysis and testing in real companies, practical significance of EDT for vertical and horizontal integration of corporations and, accordingly, management of multi-industry ecosystems is shown.

References:

1. Grieves M. Digital Twin: Manufacturing Excellence through Virtual Factory Replication. 2014.

2. Tao F., Zhang H., Liu A., Nee A.Y.C. Digital Twin in Industry: State-of-the-Art. 2019.

3. Ulrich D., Smallwood N. Capitalizing on Capabilities. Harvard Business Review, 2004.

4. Ross J.W., Weill P., Robertson D. Enterprise Architecture as Strategy: Creating a Foundation for Business Execution. 2006.

5. Kairouz P., McMahan H.B., Avent B., Bellet A., Bennis M., Bhagoji A.N., et al. Advances and Open Problems in Federated Learning. 2021.