DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.54-61

The study was carried out within the framework of D. North’s concept of the institutional framework of interactions. The article presents the author’s periodization of the stages of institutionalization in the process of business valuation formation. The author provides an analysis of the development stages and transformation of the institutional framework of the process of business value formation, based on dominant beliefs. Analysis covers the stages from the “pre-cost” of business in early historical periods to specifics of the cost of business in the context of digital technologies.

References: 

1. Gorodetskiy A. Ob osnovakh institutsional’noy transformatsii (teoreticheskiy aspekt) [On the Foundations of Institutional Transformation (Theoretical Aspect)]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2000, no 10, pp. 118–133.

2. Loginova L.V. Institutsionalizatsiya ekonomicheskikh interesov: metodologicheskiy aspect: Formirovanie rossiyskoy modeli rynochnoy ekonomiki: protivorechiya i perspektivy [Institutionalization of Economic Interests: Methodological Aspect: Formation of the Russian Model of Market Economy: Contradictions and Prospects]. Pod red. K.A. Khubieva. Part 2. Moscow, Ekonomicheskiy fakul’tet, TEIS, 2003, pp. 259–265.

3. Oleynik A.N. Institutsional’nye aspekty sotsial’no-ekonomicheskikh transformatsiy [Institutional Aspects of Socio-economic Transformations]. Moscow, TEIS, 2000, 158 p.

4. Nort D.K. Pyat’ tezisov ob institutsional’nykh izmeneniyakh: Kvartal’nyy byulleten’ kluba ekonomistov [Five Theses on Institutional Change: Quarterly Bulletin of the Economists’ Club]. Minsk, Institut privatizatsii i menedzhmenta, 1998, pp. 3–15.

5. Nort D.K. Avtobiografiya. Lektsiya pamyati Al’freda Nobelya: Laureaty Nobelevskoy premii po ekonomike: avtobiografii, lektsii, kommentarii [Autobiography. Lecture in Memory of Alfred Nobel: Nobel Prize Laureates in Economics: Autobiographies, Lectures, Commentaries]. Pod red. V.V. Okrepilova. Vol. 2, Saint Petersburg, Nauka, 2009, pp. 297–315.

6. Adno Yu.L., Aleksandrova I.I., Baykov N.M., et al. Mirovaya ekonomika: global’nye tendentsii za 100 let [World Economy: Global Trends Over 100 Years]. Pod red. I.S. Koroleva. Moscow, Yurist”, 2003, 604 p.

7. Maddison А. The World Economy: a Millennial Perspective. Paris, Development Center of the OECD, 2001, 388 p.

8. North D.C., Thomas R.P. The rise of the Western world: a new economic history. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, 171 p.

9. Gloveli G.D. Geopoliticheskaya ekonomiya v Rossii: ot diskussiy o samobytnosti k global’nym modelyam (XIX v. — pervaya tret’ XX v.) [Geopolitical Economy in Russia: From Discussions of Identity to Global Models (19th Century — First Third of the 20th Century)]. Saint Petersburg, Aleteyya, 2009, 204 p.

10. Nort D.K. Ponimanie protsessa ekonomicheskikh izmeneniy [Understanding the Process of Economics Change]. Moscow, ID GU — VShE, 2010, 256 p.

11. Novaya postindustrial’naya volna na Zapade: Antologiya [The New Post-Industrial Wave in the West: An Anthology]. Pod red. V.L. Inozemtseva. Moscow, Academia, 1999, 640 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.62-69

The article examines key features of the economic activity of the Russian military-industrial complex (MIC). At the same time, it is substantiated that terms and concepts used in modern economic theory to characterize the activities of the defence industrial enterprises do not fully reflect the essence of the economic processes taking place in the MIC.

References: 

1. Shcheglov D.K., Pilikov N.A., Timofeev V.I. Kontseptual’nye osnovy tsifrovoy transformatsii organizatsiy oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa [Conceptual Foundations of Digital Transformation of Defense Industry Organizations]. Avtomatizatsiya v promyshlennosti, 2021, no 2, pp. 13–23.

2. Plotnikov V.A., Kharlamov A.V. Rossiyskiy oboronno-promyshlennyy kompleks kak faktor obespecheniya natsional’noy bezopasnosti i ustoychivogo sotsial’noekonomicheskogo razvitiya [The Russian Military-industrial Complex as a Factor in Ensuring National Security and Sustainable Socio-economic Development]. Ekonomika i upravlenie, 2017, no 11, pp. 53–60.

3. Shapoval E.V., Shelest M.V. Oboronno-promyshlennyy kompleks v sovremennoy ekonomike Rossii [The Military-industrial Complex in the Modern Economy of Russia]. Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta upravleniya, 2015, no 1, pp. 116–122.

4. Ovchinnikova A.V., Matveev V.V. Razvitie oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa Rossii i obespechenie konkurentosposobnosti natsional’noy ekonomiki [Development of the Russian Military-industrial Complex and Ensuring the Competitiveness of the National Economy]. Vestnik Yuzhno-Ural’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Seriya: Ekonomika i menedzhment, 2021, no 15(2), pp. 99–105.

5. Kazantsev S.V. Znachenie oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa dlya pod”ema rossiyskoy ekonomiki [The Importance of the Military-Industrial Complex for the Boom of the Russian Economy]. Finansovyy zhurnal, 2014, no 1, pp. 45–52.

6. Shcherbakov G.V. Tochki Laffera, zona fiskal’nykh protivorechiy i stepen’ soglasiya nalogoplatel’shchikov [Laffer Points, the Zone of Fiscal Contradictions and the Degree of Taxpayer Agreement]. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov, Seriya: Ekonomika, 2019, no 27(1), pp. 49–62.

7. Polozhikhina M.A. Evolyutsiya obshchestva potrebleniya: ot Zhaklin Kennedi do Grety Tunberg [The Evolution of Consumer Society: From Jacqueline Kennedy to Greta Thunberg]. Sotsial’nye novatsii i sotsial’nye nauki, 2020, no 2(2), pp. 7–36.

8. Byatets I.V. Vliyanie riska na pribyl’ predpriyatiya [The Impact of Risk on Enterprise Profits]. Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta, Seriya: Ekonomika i pravo, 2011, no 1, pp. 28–30.

9. Eroshin S.E. Parametricheskiy monitoring predpriyatiy oboronno-promyshlennykh ob”edineniy: Avtoref. dis…. d-ra ekon. nauk: 5.2.3 [Parametric Monitoring of Enterprises of Defense-industrial Associations: Abstract of dis…. Doctor of Economics: 5.2.3]. Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. Moscow, 2023, 49 p.

10. Shcheglov D.K., Saybel’ A.G. Formalizovannyy podkhod k prognozirovaniyu srokov i stoimosti razrabotki voenno-tekhnicheskikh system [A Formalized Approach to Forecasting the Timing and Cost of Developing Military-technical Systems]. Oboronnyy kompleks — nauchno-tekhnicheskomu progressu Rossii, 2022, no 3(155), pp. 33–44.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.70-77

The article dwells on the problems of creating an innovative advanced scientific-technical reserve (STR) in the rocket and space industry, including innovative uncertainty, inadequacy of the federal regulatory framework to regulate the STR development, absence of a customer and a modern motivation system while creating an advanced STR, backwardness of public-private partnership in the rocket and space industry. Possible mechanisms for creating an innovative scientific-technical reserve are proposed.

References: 

1. Bobryshev A.D., Panova E.S. Primenenie sovremennykh upravlencheskikh instrumentov pri vnedrenii novatsiy na promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh [Application of Modern Management Tools in the Implementation of Innovations in Industrial Enterprises]. Moscow, Berlin, Direkt-Media, 2016, 152 p.

2. Romanov A.A., Shpotya D.A. Bazovyy podkhod k identifikatsii kriticheskikh tekhnologiy: opredelenie vazhneyshikh inzhenernykh kharakteristik izdeliya [A Basic Approach to Identifying Critical Technologies: Determining the Critical Engineering Characteristics of a Product]. Raketno-kosmicheskoe priborostroenie i informatsionnye sistemy, 2016, vol. 3, vyp. 3, pp. 63–75.

3. Burlakov V.V., Pisarenko O.V. Problemy innovatsionnogo razvitiya predpriyatiy raketno-kosmicheskoy promyshlennosti [Problems of Innovative Development of Enterprises of the Rocket and Space Industry]. Nauchnyy vestnik OPK Rossii, 2020, no 4, pp. 53–61.

4. Panov A.D. Singulyarnaya tochka istorii [Singular Point of History]. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’, 2005, no 1, pp. 122–137.

5. Rezhimy s obostreniem: Evolyutsiya idei: Sb. statey [Regimes with Exacerbation: Evolution of the Idea: Collection of Articles]. Pod red. G.G. Malinetskogo, 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. Moscow, Fizmatlit, 2006, 312 p.

6. Ivliev G. Formirovanie natsional’noy programmy razvitiya intellektual’noy sobstvennosti [Formation of a National program for the Development of Intellectual Property]. Rospatent, available at: https://ppt-online.org/356849

7. Ivliev G. Dlya chego povyshat’ rezul’tativnost’ NIOKR [Why Improve R&D Efficiency]. Stimul, 2018, 1 dekabrya, available at: https://stimul.online/viewpoint/dlya-chego-povyshat-rezultativnost-niokr/

8. Ledenev V.V. Integratsiya malykh naukoemkikh firm i krupnykh korporatsiy v ramkakh natsional’noy innovatsionnoy sistemy [Integration of Small Knowledge-intensive Firms and Large Corporations within the Framework of the National Innovation System]. Korporativnoe upravlenie i innovatsionnoe razvitie ekonomiki Severa: Vestnik nauchno-issledovatel’skogo tsentra korporativnogo prava, upravleniya i venchurnogo investirovaniya Syktyvkarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2011, no 1, pp. 176–182.

9. Pisarenko D. Kto budet liderom? Akademik Marov o tom, kak ne proigrat’ bor’bu za kosmos [Who Will Be the Leader? Academician Marov on How Not to Lose the Fight for Space]. Argumenty i fakty. AIF.ru, 2018, 12 aprelya, available at: https://aif.ru/society/science/kto_budet_liderom_akademik_marov-o-perspektivah_osvoeniya_kosmosa

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.78-83

The author continues to examine specifics of the legal aspects of conducting an election campaign in the institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the presented article, special attention is paid to violations of the estoppel principle associated with the abuse of rights by administration of scientific organizations, as well as the Code of Ethical Conduct for RAS officials. The illegitimacy practice of the procedure for electing the head of a scientific organization not only interferes with normal management activities of an academic institution, but also undermines the authority of the Russian Academy of Sciences, creating opportunities for satisfying personal interests.

References: 

1. Lutsenko S.I. Protsedurno-pravovye voprosy vyborov v institutakh RAN [Procedural-legal Issues of Elections in the Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2025, no 1, pp. 72–79.

2. Chto stoit za vyborami v RAN? [What’s Behind the Elections to the RAS?]. MEDIA KRUG NKO, 2025, 11 yanvarya, available at: https://media-krug.ru/blog/chtostoit-za-vyborami-v-ran

3. Postanovlenie Konstitutsionnogo suda RF ot 13 fevralya 2018 g. N 8-P [Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation of February 13, 2018 No. 8-P]. Vestnik Konstitutsionnogo suda RF, 2018, no 3.

4. Rasporyazhenie RAN ot 24 yanvarya 2018 g. N 10105-59 “Ob utverzhdenii Kodeksa etiki i sluzhebnogo povedeniya rabotnikov federal’nogo gosudarstvennogo byudzhetnogo uchrezhdeniya ‘Rossiyskaya akademiya nauk’” [Executive order of the Russian Academy of Sciences dated January 24, 2018 No. 10105-59 “On approval of the Code of Ethics and Official Conduct of Employees of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Russian Academy of Sciences”]. Dostup iz SPS “Konsul’tant Plyus”.

5. Rasporyazhenie RAN ot 6 dekabrya 2017 g. N 10105-972 “Ob utverzhdenii Antikorruptsionnoy politiki federal’nogo gosudarstvennogo byudzhetnogo uchrezhdeniya ‘Rossiyskaya akademiya nauk’” [Executive order of the Russian Academy of Sciences dated December 6, 2017 No. 10105-972 “On approval of the Anti-Corruption Policy of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Russian Academy of Sciences”]. Dostup iz SPS “Konsul’tant Plyus”.

6. Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii (prinyata vsenarodnym golosovaniem 12 dekabrya 1993 g. s izmeneniyami, odobrennymi v khode obshcherossiyskogo golosovaniya 1 iyulya 2020 g.) [Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993, with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on July 1, 2020)]. Dostup iz SPS “Konsul’tant Plyus”.

7. Grazhdanskiy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii (chast’ pervaya) ot 30 noyabrya 1994 g. N 51-FZ [Civil Code of the Russian Federation (part one) of November 30, 1994 No. 51-FZ]. Sobranie zakonodatel’stva RF, 1994, no 32.

8. Opredelenie Verkhovnogo suda Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 9 oktyabrya 2014 g. N 303-ES14-31 [Determination of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of October 9, 2014 No. 303-ES14-31]. Byulleten’ Verkhovnogo suda RF, 2015, no 2.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.84-91

Predictive construction of strategic scenarios for countering attempts at Nazi revenge demonstrates transition of the situation in the world from the section of political fiction to the section of probable threats. Strategic game in the form of command and staff (expert) exercises on the basis of INES made it possible to explore our country’s actions and the prospects for the international situation development. Various options for resuscitating Nazi ideas, primarily in the form of Bandera’s Ukrainian nationalism, are increasingly threatening the world stability. In these conditions, Russia, as a victorious power in the World War II, in coalition with other countries, can and should recognize its own role, assigned to it by history, as a powerful political “locomotive” and guarantor of the anti-fascist recovery of Europe and Asia.

References: 

1. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Novaya bol’shaya voyna: khroniki khorosho zabytogo budushchego [New Large-scale War: Chronicles of Well Forgotten Future]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2014, vol. 16, no 6–7(122–123), pp. 16–33.

2. Ageev A.I. 100 let voyny za pravo byt’ Rossiey [100 years of War for the Right to be Russia]. Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn’, 2015, no 3, pp. 69–86.

3. Ageev A.I. Kholodnaya voyna — 2.0: realii i perspektivy [Cold War – 2.0: Realities and Prospects]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2015, vol. 17, no 2(128), pp. 74–79.

4. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Rossiya v novoy ekonomicheskoy real’nosti [Russia in New Economic Reality]. Monografiya. Moscow, Institut ekonomicheskikh strategiy, Assotsiatsiya “Analitika”, 2016, 460 p.

5. Ageev A.I. Dinamika i struktura global’nykh riskov [Dynamics and Structure of Global Risks]. Strategiya grazhdanskoy zashchity: problemy i issledovaniya, 2013, vol. 3, no 2(5), pp. 7, 8.

6. Ageev A.I., Kretov V.S., Kotov M.N., Kotov N.M., Kokhtyulina I.N., Kuroedov B.V., Sandarov O.V. Global’naya bezopasnost’: innovatsionnye metody analiza konfliktov [Global Security: Innovative Methods of Conflict Analysis]. Moscow, 2011.

7. Ageev A.I. Budushchee Rossii: v tiskakh istorii, khaosa i stsenariev [The Future of Russia: in the Grip of History, Chaos and Scenarios]. Mir Rossii. Sotsiologiya. Etnologiya, 2010, vol. 19, no 1, pp. 126–162.

8. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Coronavirus superstrategy: mirovaya proektsiya finansovoy modeli catastrophe just-in-time dlya vykhoda iz krizisa na novuyu geoekonomicheskuyu normal’ nost’ [Coronavirus Superstrategy: Global Projection of the “Just-in-time Catastrophe’s” Financial Model for Overcoming the Crisis and Entering into a New Geo-Economic Normality]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2020, vol. 22, no 4(170), pp. 6–19, DOI: 10.33917/es-4.170.2020.6-19

9. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Novaya strategicheskaya rol’ Rossii kak garanta — operatora sistemy podderzhaniya mirovykh i regional’nykh ekonomicheskikh balansov [The New Strategic Role of Russia as a Guarantor — Operator of the System for Global and Regional Eeconomic Balances Maintenance]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2015, vol. 17, no 1(127), pp. 18–35.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.92-103

Recently, the world has faced new challenges in the field of international relations and economics, among which special place is given to digital sanctions. Unlike traditional economic sanctions, which are typically regulated through physical goods or financial transactions, digital sanctions actively target technology, data and internet infrastructure. The consequences of these measures affect both the economy, which loses access to key technologies, and the social sphere, where monitoring and control become more stringent. The article addresses two main research questions: can the sanctions targeting digital technologies and developments be regarded as an advanced form of economic sanctions, and what will be the economic losses for Russia? As digital transformation continues to revolutionize economies around the world, this study argues that digital sanctions have significant economic impacts on targeted countries. By analyzing the characteristics and effects of recent sanctions against Russia, the study provides insight into the changing landscape of sanctions mechanisms and diplomacy in the digital age.

References: 

1. Budushchee tsifrovoy transformatsii v usloviyakh sanktsiy [The Future of Digital Transformation in the Context of Sanctions]. Rambler, 2022, 14 dekabrya, available at:
https://finance.rambler.ru/business/49862989/?utm_content=finance_media&utm_medium=read_more&utm_source=copylink

2. Pak Dzh. Tekushchiy status i otsenka soblyudeniya ekonomicheskikh sanktsiy mezhdunarodnogo soobshchestva v otnoshenii Severnoy Korei [Current Status and Assessment of Compliance with the International Community’s Economic sanctions Against North Korea]. Eksportno-importnyy bank Korei, 2016.

3. Birsteker T., Zuzana Kh., Markos T. UN SanctionsApp: interaktivnaya baza dannykh o sanktsiyakh OON, avgust 2020 g. [UN SanctionsApp: Interactive database of UN sanctions, August 2020]. UN Sanctions App, 2020, available at: https://unsanctionsapp.com

4. Pasport natsional’noy programmy “Tsifrovaya ekonomika Rossiyskoy Federatsii” [Passport of the «Digital Economy of the Russian Federation» National Program]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Pravitel’stva RF, available at: http://government.ru/info/35568/

5. Est’ u sanktsiy nachalo, net u sanktsiy kontsa [Sanctions have got the beginning, but sanctions have no end]. Kommersant”, 2024, 23 fevralya, available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6532283

6. Rossiya ukreplyaet tekhnologicheskiy suverenitet iz-za sanktsiy [Russia Strengthens Tech Sovereignty Amid Sanctions]. Digital Report, 2024, 21 marta, available at: https://digital-report.ru/rossija-ukrepljaet-tehnologicheskij-suverenitet-iz-za-sankcij/

7. Danilin I. Ot tekhnologicheskikh sanktsiy k tekhnologicheskim voynam: Vliyanie amerikano-kitayskogo konflikta na sanktsionnuyu politiku i rynki vysokikh tekhnologiy [From Tech Sanctions to Tech Wars: The Impact of the US-China Conflict on Sanctions Policy and High-Tech Markets]. NEA, 2022, no 3(55), available at: https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-13

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.104-109

The article examines fundamental causes of fraud in the financial sector based on global practice and Russian experience in fighting cybercrimes. Growing indicators prove ineffectiveness of all measures taken, including restrictions imposed by states. The issue can be resolved only by turning to the alpha and omega of economic science — to a man or more precisely to a human capital, which the author in his previous studies, based on works of the Soviet cybernetic school, have defined not only as knowledge, talents and abilities, but also as directed thinking algorithms. These algorithms now have become the main object of appropriation. Banks, IT-corporations, telecom operators and fraudsters compete for them in order to control a person and induce him to transfer his financial resources or his data for their appropriation by fraudsters.

References: 

1. Rezul’taty ezhegodnogo vserossiyskogo sotsiologicheskogo monitoringa “Finansovaya gramotnost’ rossiyan — 2024” [Results of the Annual All-Russian Sociological Monitoring “Financial Literacy of Russians — 2024”]. Analiticheskiy tsentr NAFI, Moscow, 2024, available at: https://nafi.ru/upload/iblock/9bd/9bd4081

a5c55f503ab6610296892ed2a.pdf?utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fdzen.ru%2Fmedia%2Fid%2F5d41a1ee8da1ce00afb2d1e5%2F66c5dd22a7321d7404b4c06e

2. Alekseevskikh A. “Rodstvennik popal v bedu”. Novye skhemy moshennichestva i layfkhaki dlya rossiyan [“A Relative Got into Trouble.” New Fraud Schemes and Life Hacks for Russians]. Gazeta.ru, 2024, 6 sentyabrya, available at: https://www.gazeta.ru/amp/business/2024/09/06/19704493.shtml

3. Dornadula V.N., Geetha S. Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Procedia Computer Science, 2019, no 165, pp. 631–641, DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.01.057

4. Thennakoon A., Bhagyani C., Premadasa S., Mihiranga S., Kuruwitaarachchi N. Real-Time Credit Card Fraud Detection Using Machine Learning. 2019 9^th International Conference on Cloud Computing, Data Science & Engineering (Confluence), Noida, 2019, 10–11 January, pp. 488–493, available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8776942; https://doi.org/10.1109/CONFLUENCE.2019.8776942

5. Bouch A. 3-D Secure: A critical review of 3-D Secure and its effectiveness in preventing card not present fraud. University of London, Londra, 2011, DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14201/ADCAIJ2016535561

6. Buell S. What is Securities Fraud 61 Duke L.J. 511. 2011–2012, available at: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=OTE8FpMAAAAJ&citation_for_view=OTE8FpMAAAAJ:UebtZRa9Y70C

7. Pokida A.N., Zybunovskaya N.V. Razlichiya v povedencheskikh praktikakh po sokhraneniyu i ukrepleniyu zdorov’ya sredi rabotnikov umstvennogo i fizicheskogo truda [Differences in Behavioral Practices for Maintaining and Improving Health Among Mental and Physical Workers]. Zdorov’e naseleniya i sreda obitaniya — ZNiSO, 2022. № 9. S. 18–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35627/2219-5238/2022-30-9-18-28

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.110-117

The object of the study is transnational organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the subject is socio-economic factors that affect regional security. Today, Latin America and the Caribbean is one of the “hottest” regions in terms of organized crime and drug trafficking. Violence is considered to be a consequence of transnational organized crime, the methods and scale of which are increasing every year. In the article, the authors examine the features of transnational organized crime, which is becoming the core of the most acute challenges in this part of the world, also analyze the main socio-economic factors that affect the level of regional security. The authors conclude that the most destabilizing effects are exerted by such factors as social inequality, corruption, weakness of law enforcement institutions, money laundering, false urbanization and a developed shadow sector of the economy.

References: 

1. Trends in world military expenditure, 2023. SIPRI Fact Sheet, April 2024, available at: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf

2. Pyatakov A.N. Transnatsional’naya organizovannaya prestupnost’ v stranakh Latinskoy Ameriki: sovremennye tendentsii razvitiya i voenno-silovye sposoby protivodeystviya [Transnational Organized Crime in Latin American Countries: Modern Development Trends and Military-force Methods of Counteraction]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, Seriya 25: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya i mirovaya politika, 2023, vol. 15, no 2, pp. 65–93.

3. Violent Crime and Insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean: a macroeconomic perspective. International Monetary Fund, October 2024, available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385720836_Violent_Crime_and_Insecurity_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean—A_Macroeconomic_Perspective

4. Global Study on Homicide 2023. UNDOC, available at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/gsh/2023/Global_study_on_homicide_2023_web.pdf

5. Violent Crime and Insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean: a macroeconomic perspective. International Monetary Fund, October 2024, available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385720836_Violent_Crime_and_Insecurity_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean—A_Macroeconomic_Perspective

6. World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2024, available at: https://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/global/2024

7. Human Development Report 2023/2024: breaking the gridlock. UNDP, available at: https://www.undp.org/latin-america/press-releases/human-developmentlatin-america-and-caribbean-improves-more-other-regions-fails-recover-pre-pandemic-levels-reveals-undp

8. Global Economic Prospects 2024. World Bank, June 2024, available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d644659c-2e22-410e-98a5-b8a40dc6c183/content

9. Godovoy otchet 2024 [Annual Report 2024]. Gruppa Vsemirnogo banka, available at: https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/about/annual-report#anchor-annual

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.5