DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.110-117

The object of the study is transnational organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the subject is socio-economic factors that affect regional security. Today, Latin America and the Caribbean is one of the “hottest” regions in terms of organized crime and drug trafficking. Violence is considered to be a consequence of transnational organized crime, the methods and scale of which are increasing every year. In the article, the authors examine the features of transnational organized crime, which is becoming the core of the most acute challenges in this part of the world, also analyze the main socio-economic factors that affect the level of regional security. The authors conclude that the most destabilizing effects are exerted by such factors as social inequality, corruption, weakness of law enforcement institutions, money laundering, false urbanization and a developed shadow sector of the economy.

References: 

1. Trends in world military expenditure, 2023. SIPRI Fact Sheet, April 2024, available at: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/2404_fs_milex_2023.pdf

2. Pyatakov A.N. Transnatsional’naya organizovannaya prestupnost’ v stranakh Latinskoy Ameriki: sovremennye tendentsii razvitiya i voenno-silovye sposoby protivodeystviya [Transnational Organized Crime in Latin American Countries: Modern Development Trends and Military-force Methods of Counteraction]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta, Seriya 25: Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya i mirovaya politika, 2023, vol. 15, no 2, pp. 65–93.

3. Violent Crime and Insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean: a macroeconomic perspective. International Monetary Fund, October 2024, available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385720836_Violent_Crime_and_Insecurity_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean—A_Macroeconomic_Perspective

4. Global Study on Homicide 2023. UNDOC, available at: https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/gsh/2023/Global_study_on_homicide_2023_web.pdf

5. Violent Crime and Insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean: a macroeconomic perspective. International Monetary Fund, October 2024, available at:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385720836_Violent_Crime_and_Insecurity_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean—A_Macroeconomic_Perspective

6. World Justice Project Rule of Law Index 2024, available at: https://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/global/2024

7. Human Development Report 2023/2024: breaking the gridlock. UNDP, available at: https://www.undp.org/latin-america/press-releases/human-developmentlatin-america-and-caribbean-improves-more-other-regions-fails-recover-pre-pandemic-levels-reveals-undp

8. Global Economic Prospects 2024. World Bank, June 2024, available at: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/d644659c-2e22-410e-98a5-b8a40dc6c183/content

9. Godovoy otchet 2024 [Annual Report 2024]. Gruppa Vsemirnogo banka, available at: https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/about/annual-report#anchor-annual

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.5

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.6-13

Currently, qualitative and quantitative approaches are used to assess the performance of regional executive authorities. The estimates obtained on their basis, as a rule, imply a subjective component. This paper proposes a method that makes it possible to obtain weighting coefficients for evaluation indicators on a formal basis without involving experts. It involves four main stages of calculations: preparation of initial data, including a set of assessment indicators; formation of a structural matrix of achievements; assessing the complexity of indicators and achievement structures; performance assessment. The peculiarity of the proposed approach is that it allows us to get an idea of the relative complexity of solving problems and achieving the goals of socio-economic development. This idea is based on a comparative analysis of the weights of evaluation indicators obtained on a formal basis.

References: 

1. Chazova I.Yu. Otsenka effektivnosti deyatel’nosti organov gosudarstvennoy vlasti [Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Activities of Public Authorities]. Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta. Seriya: Ekonomika i pravo, 2019, no 6, pp. 776–785.

2. Okrepilov V.V. Povyshenie kachestva gosudarstvennykh uslug posredstvom vnedreniya sistem menedzhmenta kachestva [Improving the Quality of Public Services through the Introduction of Quality Management Systems]. Izvestiya Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta ekonomiki i finansov, 2012, no 6(78), pp. 9–17.

3. Kozhevnikov S.A. Povyshenie effektivnosti gosudarstvennogo upravleniya — klyuchevaya zadacha dlya sovremennoy Rossii [Improving the Efficiency of Public Administration is a Key Task for Modern Russia]. Ekonomicheskie i sotsial’nye peremeny: fakty, tendentsii, prognoz, 2017, vol. 10, no 3, pp. 78–99.

4. Golovtsova I.G., Terent’eva K.D. Effektivnost’ gosudarstvennogo upravleniya kak instrument povysheniya kachestva zhizni naseleniya: Sovremennyy menedzhment: problemy i perspektivy: Sb. statey po itogam XVI Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, Sankt-Peterburg, 29–30 aprelya 2021 g. [Efficiency of Public Administration as a Tool for Improving the Quality of Life of the Population: Modern Management: Problems and Prospects: Collection of articles from the XVI International Scientific and Practical Conference, St. Petersburg, April 29–30, 2021]. Saint Petersburg, Sankt-Peterburgskiy gosudarstvennyy ekonomicheskiy universitet, 2021, pp. 26–31.

5. O’Loughlin C.T., Wilson P.W. Benchmarking the performance of US Municipalities. Empir Econ., 2021, no 60, 2665–2700, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00181-021-02026-2

6. Geys B., Heinemann F, Kalb A. Local Government Efficiency in German Municipalities. RuR. 2013 Aug. 31;71(4):283–293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13147-012-0191-x

7. Kryukov S.V. Model’ formirovaniya reytinga gubernatorov na osnove otsenki urovnya i kachestva zhizni v regione [A Model for the Formation of a Rating of Governors based on an Assessment of the Level and Quality of Life in the Region]. Vektor ekonomiki, 2018, no 8(26), pp. 12–17.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.14-19

The article dwells on the issues of creating the image of the future of Russia in the context of emerging contradictions between development of new technologies and preservation of traditional spiritual and moral values. Specifics of the North Caucasus as a multi-ethnic and multi-confessional region are discussed in the context of searching for a compromise between technological changes and traditional value systems.

The author presents proposals for implementing the “Laboratory of the Future” project with participation of young representatives of the North Caucasus Federal District regions, the purpose of which is to discuss a constructive image of the future of Russia, including the development of modern technologies and preservation of traditional spiritual and moral values, taking into account the specifics of the North Caucasus.

References: 

1. Glaz’ev S.Yu. Za gorizontom kontsa istorii: Monografiya [Beyond the Horizon of the End of History: Monograph]. Prospekt, 2021, pp. 41–56.

2. Upravlenie iskusstvennym intellektom v interesakh chelovechestva: Zaklyuchitel’nyy doklad [Governing Artificial Intelligence for Humanity: Final Report]. Organizatsiya Ob”edinennykh Natsiy, 2024, p. 110.

3. Pereslegin S.B. Rossiya: predrassvetnye gody. Lektsiya. Chast’ pervaya [Russia: The Pre-Dawn Years. Lecture. Part One]. Dzen, available at: https://dzen.ru/video/watch/677b95917feaf72a372dfd32

4. Belousov D.R. Obraz ekonomiki Rossii 2050 — klyuchevye vyzovy i perspektivy: Doklad. 2024 g. [The Image of the Russian Economy in 2050 — Key Challenges and Prospects: Report. 2024]. Dzen. Sayt “Tsentr makroekonomicheskogo analiza i kratkosrochnogo prognozirovaniya”, available at: https://dzen.ru/video/watch/677b95917feaf72a372dfd32

5. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Bitva za budushchee: kto pervym v mire osvoit noomonitoring i kognitivnoe programmirovanie sub”ektivnoy real’nosti? [Battle for the Future: Who Will Be the First in the World to Master the Noomonitoring and Cognitive Programming of Subjective Reality?]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2017, no 2, pp. 124–139.

6. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 9 noyabrya 2022 g. N 809 “Ob utverzhdenii Osnov gosudarstvennoy politiki po sokhraneniyu i ukrepleniyu traditsionnykh rossiyskikh dukhovno-nravstvennykh tsennostey” [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 9, 2022 No. 809 “On Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values”]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/48502

7. Shangaraev R.R. Istoriya Islama i musul’manskikh narodov Rossii: Khrestomatiya [History of Islam and Muslim Peoples of Russia: Anthology]. Moscow, MeDDoK, 2020, pp. 232–307.

8. Yarlykapov A.A. Problemy radikalizatsii v musul’manskom soobshchestve Rossii v kontekste peremen na Blizhnem Vostoke: Religii i radikalizm v postsekulyarnom mire [Problems of Radicalization in the Muslim Community of Russia in the Context of Changes in the Middle East: Religions and Radicalism in the Post-Secular World]. Pod red. E.I. Filippovoy i Zh. Radvani. Moscow, Institut etnologii i antropologii RAN, Goryachaya liniya — Telekom, 2017, pp. 232–251.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.128-137

The authors explain the basic functioning mechanisms of the previously presented model of “cooperative economy”, its applicability and competitiveness in comparison with current economic models.

References: 

1. Federal’nyy zakon ot 19 iyunya 1992 g. N 3085-1 “O potrebitel’skoy kooperatsii (potrebitel’skikh obshchestvakh, ikh soyuzakh) v Rossiyskoy Federatsii” [Federal Law of June 19, 1992 No. 3085-1 “On Consumer Cooperation (Consumer Societies, their Unions) in the Russian Federation”]. Konsul’tantPlyus, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_608/

2. D’yachenko K.P., D’yachenko V.P. Potrebitel’skaya kooperatsiya v gorodskoy sotsial’noy sfere, torgovle i proizvodstve [Consumer Cooperation in the Urban Social Sphere, Trade and Production]. Moscow, Izd-vo Parlamentskogo tsentra “Kooperatsiya i sotsial’nyy progress”, 2012.

3. Grazhdanskiy kodeks Rossiyskoy Federatsii [Civil Code of the Russian Federation]. Konsul’tantPlyus, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5142/

4. Zverev A.G. Zapiski ministra [Notes of the Minister]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1973, 270 p.

5. Smurov I.I., Davletbaev R.Kh. Kooperativnaya (moral’naya) ekonomika [Cooperative (Moral) Economy]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, no 6(192), pp. 120–133, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-6.192.2023.120-133

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.20-29

The article examines the issues of shaping environmental human rights as a scientific and legal category. Analysis of the influence of international law, regional and national legal systems on the development of environmental human rights is carried out. Using the example of environmental insurance and insurance coverage for the LUKOIL Group, legal instruments for guaranteeing human environmental rights as a component of environmental safety in the Caspian region are considered.

References: 

1. Discuss about the UN universal declaration of human rights. The Lawyers&Jurists, available at: https://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/discuss-universal-declarationhuman-rights/

2. Jankuv J. Concept of Substantive Human Right to Environment under International Public Law. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 2019, no 7(2), pp. 19–29.

3. Knox J.H. Constructing the Human Right to a Healthy Environment. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 2020, vol. 16, pp. 79–95.

4. Tret’yakova A.A. Ekologicheskie prava grazhdan v gosudarstvakh — chlenakh Evropeyskogo soyuza: Dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [Environmental Rights of Citizens in the Member States of the European Union: Diss…. Cand. of Law]. Moscow, 2001, pp. 126, 127.

5. Solntsev A.M. Sovremennoe mezhdunarodnoe pravo o zashchite okruzhayushchey sredy i ekologicheskikh pravakh cheloveka: Monografiya [Contemporary International Law on Environmental Protection and Human Environmental Rights: Monograph]. Moscow, 2013, pp. 24–68.

6. Eseyin M., Udoh S.E. When Rights Violate Rights: International Protection of Human Rights, Some Necessary Considerations. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2015, vol. 5, no 6(1), June 2015, available at: https://www.ijhssnet.com/journal/index/ 3124

7. Rezolyutsiya SPCh GA OON 48/13 “Prava cheloveka na chistuyu, zdorovuyu i ustoychivuyu okruzhayushchuyu sredu” (prinyata na 48-y sessii SPCh GA OON 18 oktyabrya 2021 g.) [UN HRC Resolution 48/13 “Human Rights to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment” (adopted at the 48th session of the UN HRC on 18 October 2021)], available at: http://cawater-info.net/library/rus/un-hrs-48-13-r.pdf

8. Rezolyutsiya GA OON 76/300 “Pravo cheloveka na chistuyu, zdorovuyu i ustoychivuyu okruzhayushchuyu sredu” (prinyata na 76-y sessii GA OON 1 avgusta 2022 g.) [UNGA Resolution 76/300 “The Human Right to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment” (adopted at the 76th session of the UNGA on 1 August 2022)], available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N22/442/80/PDF/N2244280.pdf

9. Rezolyutsiya A/RES/70/1 “Preobrazovanie nashego mira: Povestka dnya v oblasti ustoychivogo razvitiya na period do 2030 g.” (prinyata GA 25 sentyabrya 2015 g.) [Resolution A/RES/70/1 “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” (adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015)]. 44 p.

10. Official Records 97th plenary meeting Seventy-sixth session General Assembly United Nations, 28 July 2022, A/76/PV.97. 28 July 2022. P. 5–19.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.138-143

The article dwells on the concept of a socio-humanitarian state, it discusses the characteristics and criteria for its development.

The main differences between the concepts of “social state” and “socio-humanitarian state” are examined.

References: 

1. Golubev V.S. Osnovy garmonologii [Basics of Harmonology]. Moscow, Lenand, 2023.

2. Golubev V.S. Osnovy ekosotsiogumanizma [Fundamentals of Ecosociohumanism]. M.: INFRA-M, 2022.

3. Sotsiogumanizm s Vladimirom Golubevym [Sociohumanism with Vladimir Golubev]. Ekograd, available at: https://ekogradmoscow.ru/eko-blog/sotsiogumanizm-c-vladimirom-golubevym

4. Mironov S.M. Izbrannye sta’’i, vystupleniya, interv’yu [Selected Articles, Speeches, Interviews]. Moscow, Klyuch-S, 2007.

5. Golubev V.S. Vvedenie v sinteticheskuyu evolyutsionnuyu ekologiyu [Introduction to Synthetic Evolutionary Ecology]. Moscow, Papirus Pro, 2001.