DOI: 10.33917/es-6.204.2025.84-89

The article identifies the peculiarities of forming inflation expectations and corresponding savings strategies when purchasing everyday goods among different generations of Russians. Generational differences in economic behaviour are studied through methods of comparative, correlation and cluster analysis, as well as by content analysis of qualitative data on the motivation of consumer choice. A clear differentiation of consumer adaptation strategies to inflation and transformation of retail channels under their influence are established. The author recommends segmenting price policies and strengthening personalization of marketing communications, taking into account generational differences in the perception of economic risks, and using adaptive mechanisms for managing inflation expectations based on the intergenerational transmission of consumer preferences to develop effective anti-inflation and marketing strategies.

References:

1. Inflyatsionnye ozhidaniya Banka Rossii [Inflation expectations of the Bank of Russia]. Bank Rossii, available at: https://cbr.ru/analytics/dkp/inflationary_ expectations/

2. Demograficheskaya statistika Rosstata [Demographic Statistics of Rosstat]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoy statistiki, available at: https://www. rosstat.gov.ru/folder/12781?print=1

3. Iogolevich N.I. Potrebitel’skie predpochteniya rossiyan raznykh pokoleniy [Consumer Preferences of Russians of Different Generations]. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Sotsiologiya. Ekonomika. Politika, 2025, no 2, pp. 21–37, DOI 10.31660/1993-1824-2025-2-21-37, EDN: VGSNNU

4. Teoriya pokoleniy (X, Y, Z) v internet-marketinge [Generation Theory (X, Y, Z) in Internet Marketing]. VC.RU, available at: https://vc.ru/marketing/266386- teoriya-pokoleniy-x-y-z-v-internet-marketinge

5. Zavyalova E.B., Safronchuk M.V., Burzhinkaya A.E. The 4th industrial revolution and digital transformation: changes and challenges. International Journal of Economic Policy in Emerging Economies, 2022, vol. 16, no 2/3/4, p. 417, DOI 10.1504/ijepee.2022.126619. EDN XSHDRS

6. Fomina S.N., Khaymey G. Potrebitel’skoe povedenie rossiyskoy i kitayskoy molodezhi: sravnitel’nyy analiz [Consumer Behavior of Russian and Chinese Youth: a Comparative Analysis]. Sotsfilosofskie issledovaniya, 2025, Iyul’, available at: https://socph.ru/ru/2025/07/потребительское-поведение-российско/

7. Itogi-2024 dlya FMCG: sochetanie nesochetaemogo: Materialy kompanii Nil’sen [Results of 2024 for FMCG: a Combination of the Incompatible: Materials of the Nielsen Company]. Nil’sen, available at: https://n-df.ru/trendy-rynka/tpost/ik4x8yol31-itogi-2024-dlya-fmcg-sochetanie-nesochet?ysclid=mejxg1mc6y210504107

8. TsB: inflyatsionnye ozhidaniya rossiyan vyrosli do 13,1% [Central Bank: Russians’ inflation expectations have risen to 13.1%]. RBK, 2025, 17 aprelya, available at: https://rbc.ru/quote/news/article/680114e99a7947cef304e231

DOI: 10.33917/es-6.204.2025.78-83

The article dwells on the change in the market index of the «Economic Strategies» (MIES) for eight months in 2025. Contribution of supply and demand indicators to MIES is assessed. Industrial production is analyzed.

References:

1. Informatsiya o nagrazhdenii Prezidentom RF razrabotchikov krylatoy rakety “Burevestnik” i bespilotnogo podvodnogo apparata “Poseydon” 4 noyabrya 2025 g. [Information on the Awarding by the President of the Russian Federation of the Developers of the Burevestnik Cruise Missile and the Poseidon Unmanned Underwater Vehicle on November 4, 2025]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/78394

2. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii. Yanvar’ — avgust 2025 goda [Socioeconomic Situation in Russia. January–August 2025]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoy statistiki, available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/osn-08-2025.pdf

3. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii. Yanvar’ — sentyabr’ 2025 goda [Socioeconomic Situation in Russia. January–September 2025]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoy statistiki, available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/osn-09-2025.pdf

4. Frenkel’ A.A., Tikhomirov B.I., Surkov A.A. Itogi strategicheskogo razvitiya Rossii v yanvare — aprele 2025 goda: ekonomicheskiy rost v usloviyakh zapadnykh sanktsiy [Results of Russia’s Strategic Development in January — April 2025: Economic Growth in the Context of Western Sanctions]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2025, no 4(202), pp. 108–113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es4.202.2025.108-113

5. Informatsiya o zasedanii Pravitel’stva RF 24 sentyabrya 2025 g. [Information about the Meeting of the Government of the Russian Federation on September 24, 2025]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Pravitel’stva RF, available at: http://government.ru/news/56304/

6. Prognoz sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya RF na 2026 god i na planovyy period 2027 i 2028 godov. Sentyabr’ 2025 [Forecast of the Socio-economic Development of the Russian Federation for 2026 and for the Planning Period of 2027 and 2028. September 2025]. Ministerstvo ekonomicheskogo razvitiya RF, available at: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/directions/makroec/prognozy_socialno_ekonomicheskogo_razvitiya/prognoz_socialno_ekonomicheskogo_razvitiya_rf_na_2026_god_i_na_planovyy_period_2027_i_2028_godov.html

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.40-43

From mid-2023 inflation began to rise sharply and was remaining high for a long time despite the Central Bank raising its key rate to a record high. The article examines the impact of key rate and rouble exchange rate on consumer price changes. It is concluded that in Russia the rouble exchange rate plays a more significant role in inflation dynamics than the key rate.

References:

1. Shirov A.A., Gusev M.S., Nekrasov F.O. Priroda inflyatsii v sovremennoy rossiyskoy ekonomike i ee vliyanie na ekonomicheskiy rost [The Nature of Inflation in the Modern Russian Economy and its Impact on Economic Growth]. Problemy prognozirovaniya, 2025, no 2, pp. 5–19.

2. Opros: pochti 60% rossiyan ne imeyut sberezheniy [Poll: Almost 60% of Russians have no Savings]. TASS, 2019, 16 sentyabrya, available at: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/6889653

3. Bol’shinstvo rossiyan okazalis’ bez sberezheniy v krizis [Most Russians Found Themselves without Savings During the Crisis]. RBK, 2020, 31 marta, available at: https://www.rbc.ru/economics/31/03/2020/5e7dd7c59a7947c7f63c1e66

4. Vakhitova G. Bolee poloviny rossiyskikh grazhdan ne imeyut sberezheniy [More than Half of Russian Citizens have no Savings]. Rossiyskaya gazeta, 2023, 16 yanvarya, available at: https://rg.ru/2023/01/16/suhoj-ostatok.html

5. Ershov M.V. Rossiyskaya ekonomika v usloviyakh novykh sanktsionnykh vyzovov [Russian Economy in the Context of New Sanction Challenges]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2022, no 12, pp. 5–23.

6. Trinadtsat’ tezisov ob ekonomike. Etyud 11. Inflyatsiya: kratkiy obzor [Thirteen Theses on Economics. Study 11. Inflation: A Brief Overview]. Tsentr makroekonomicheskogo analiza i kratkosrochnogo prognozirovaniya, 2025, 14 iyulya, available at: http://www.forecast.ru/

7. O chem govoryat trendy: Makroekonomika i rynki [What the Trends Say: Macroeconomics and Markets]. Bank Rossii, 2025, no 1(76), available at: https://cbr.ru/Collection/Collection/File/55064/bulletin_25-01.pdf

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.114-121

At enterprises, various groups have always emerged and will continue to emerge, created on an initiative basis and demonstrating their own management intentions, often having access to an enterprise’s management resources for their implementation. Some of these groups are formalized (for example, trade unions, parties), while others remain informal (for example, adherents of one industrial school).

Consequently, enterprises may be considered as potential objects of multi-loop management, in which the subjects of management are both administrative and command-coalition management groups expressing political and vital activity of the enterprise’s divisions.

According to the works [1–3], development of a multi-level management system will contribute to successful resolution of conflict situations at enterprises and strengthening of their market positions, for example, by creating three fundamental management contours: administrative one, when the subject of management is the enterprise’s administration; command-coalition contour, in which the subjects of management is represented by institutionalized or non-institutionalized management communities of enterprises; and finally converging

one, within the framework of which a certain group, created by the enterprise’s management, carries out coordinated functioning and development of the first two management circuits. Identification and forecasting of such coalition teams within the framework of intracompany management, as well as theoretical and practical solutions regarding the converging management contour at enterprises are necessary to ensure their sustainable development in the context of increasingly frequent socio-economic crises.

References:

1. Vartanyan A.A. Metodologiya komandno-koalitsionnogo upravleniya predpriyatiem [Methodology of Command-coalition Management of the Enterprise]. Moscow, MAI-PRINT, 2008, 320 p.

2. Vartanyan A.A. Technology of Сonvergence of Team-coalition and Administrative Control of Industrial Enterprise. Amazonia Investiga, 2020, no 9(26), pp. 423–431.

3. Vartanyan A.A. Transformatsiya promyshlennykh predpriyatiy v sploshnoy intellektual’noy srede [Transformation of Industrial Enterprises in a Continuous Intellectual Environment]. Monografiya. Moscow, Sputnik +, 2020, 324 p.

4. Vartanyan A.A., Sidel’nikov Yu.V. Tseli gruppy [Group Goals]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2005, no 7(41), pp. 114–119.

5. Von Neumann and Morgenstern. Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press, 1944, 625 p.

6. L’yus R., Rayf Kh. Igry i resheniya. Vvedenie i kriticheskiy obzor [Games and Solutions: An Introduction and Critical Review]. Moscow, Izd-vo inostrannoy literatury, 1961, 642 p.

7. Nash J. Non-Cooperative Games: A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Princeton University in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1950. May.

8. Karpenko A.S. Fatalizm i sluchaynost’ budushchego: logicheskiy analiz [Fatalism and the Randomness of the Future: A Logical Analysis]. AN SSSR, In-t filosofii. Moscow, Nauka, 1990, 213 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.108-113

The article dwells on the change in the market index of the “Economic Strategies” (MIES) for the first four months of 2025.

Contribution of supply and demand indicators to MIES is assessed. Industrial production is analyzed.

References:

1. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii. Yanvar’ — aprel’ 2025 g. [Socioeconomic Situation in Russia. January — April 2025]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoy statistiki, available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/osn-04-2025.pdf

2. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii. Yanvar’ — may 2025 g. [Socioeconomic Situation in Russia. January — May 2025]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoy statistiki, available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/osn-05-2025.pdf

3. Frenkel’ A.A., Tikhomirov B.I., Surkov A.A. Obnadezhivayushchie itogi strategicheskogo razvitiya Rossii v 2024 godu: ispytanie na prochnost’ v usloviyakh novoy real’nosti [Encouraging Results of Russia’s Strategic Development in 2024: A Test of Strength in the New Reality]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2025, no 2,

pp. 42–47, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-2.200.2025.42-47

4. Informatsiya ob uchastii Prezidenta RF v plenarnom zasedanii XXVIII Peterburgskogo mezhdunarodnogo ekonomicheskogo foruma 20 iyunya 2025 g.

[Information on the Participation of the President of the Russian Federation in the Plenary Session of the XXVIII St. Petersburg International Economic Forum on June 20, 2025]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/77222

5. Informatsiya o Federal’nom zakone ot 24 iyunya 2025 g. N 152-FZ “O vnesenii izmeneniy v Federal’nyy zakon ‘O federal’nom byudzhete na 2025 god i na planovyy period 2026 i 2027 godov” [Information about the Federal Law of June 24, 2025 No. 152-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law ‘On the Federal Budget for 2025 and for the Planning Period of 2026 and 2027”]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: http://kremlin.ru/acts/news/77260

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.98-107

The article dwells on the problems of financing fixed assets in industry and scientific developments. A new financial technology for financing non-current assets at the expense of current assets and funds of targeted financing is proposed. The authors have developed fundamentally new sources of investment financing through restoring the depreciation fund and creating a new Innovative Development Fund, taking into account new financial technologies for accounting operations. The problem of dividing financial flows into working capital and investment assets according to balance sheet accounting objects is solved by creating new balance sheet accounts reflecting various sources of financing and by registering certificates of market value assessment of rights to the intellectual activity results. New forms of reporting on the use of intellectual property objects are proposed.

References:

1. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 28 fevralya 2024 g. N 145 “O Strategii nauchno-tekhnologicheskogo razvitiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii” [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 28, 2024 No. 145 “On the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation”]. Kodeks, available at: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1305071057/titles/64U0IK

2. Ageev A.I., Radina V.A. Tainstvennyy virus v sisteme bukhgalterskogo ucheta [Mysterious Virus in Accounting System]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2024, no 6, pp. 72–83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-6.198.2024.72-83

3. Radina V.A., Yakutin Yu.V. Novye finansovye tekhnologii sistemy upravleniya ekonomicheskoy deyatel’nost’yu [New Financial Technologies of the Economic Activity Management System]. Finansovaya zhizn’, 2024, no 2, pp. 108–146.

4. Khanin G.I. Ekonomicheskaya istoriya Rossii v noveyshee vremya [Economic History of Russia in Modern Times]. Monografiya: V 2 t. Novosibirsk, Izd-vo NGTU, 2010.

5. Buyvis T.A. Sovershenstvovanie amortizatsionnoy politiki predpriyatiya [Improving the Depreciation Policy of the Enterprise]. Uchet, 2018, no 6, pp. 165–169

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.86-97

The article analyzes socio-economic situation of workers in the mining industry (from 2019 to 2025) and identifies trends in transition from traditional to innovative tools in the personnel’s work activities. It was also discovered that introduction of artificial intelligence technologies helps to minimize the human factor and ensures maximum production ef ficiency.

The present article also examines transformation of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the mining industry representatives, their social consequences, in particular, the impact of mining work on psychophysical health.

The paper also studies development of a nonlinear algorithm with the help of ar tificial intelligence methods, including a neural network and cognitive modules, as a factor in transition from traditional to innovative tools in the work of mining personnel, having direct significance for humans.

References:

1. Anchishkin A.I. Nauka, tekhnika, ekonomika [Science, Technology, Economics]. Moscow, Ekonomika, 1986. 383 p.

2. Kheynman S.A. Nauchno-tekhnicheskaya revolyutsiya segodnya i zavtra [Scientific and Technological Revolution Today and Tomorrow]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1977, 328 p.

3. L’vov D.S. Effektivnoe upravlenie tekhnicheskim razvitiem [Effective Management of Technical Development]. Moscow, Ekonomika, 1990, 255 p.

4. L’vov D.S., Glaz’ev S.Yu. Teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty upravleniya NTP [Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Scientific and Technical Progress Management]. Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody, 1986, no 5, pp. 793–804.

5. Glaz’ev S.Yu. Teoriya dolgosrochnogo tekhniko-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya [Theory of Long-Term Technical and Economic Development]. Moscow, Vladar, 1993, 310 p.

6. Peres K. Tekhnologicheskie revolyutsii i finansovyy kapital. Dinamika puzyrey i periodov protsvetaniya [Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital. Dynamics of Bubbles and Periods of Prosperity]. Moscow, Delo, 2011, 232 p.

7. Dosi G. Technical Change and Industrial Transformation: The Patterns of Industrial Dynamics. Technical Change and Industrial Transformation. Palgrave Macmillan, London. 1984. 338 p.

8. Perez C. Structural change and assimilation of new technologies in the economic and social systems. Futures, 1983, vol. 4, no. 15, pp. 357–375.

9. Freeman C. Technology policy and economic performance: lessons from Japan. London, Pinter Publishers, 1987. 155 p.

10. Edler J., Blind K., Kroll H., Schubert T. Technology sovereignty as an emerging frame for innovation policy. Defining rationales, ends and means. Research Policy, vol. 52, iss. 6, 2023, 104765.

11. Erebak S., Turgut T. Anxiety about the speed of technological development: Effects on job insecurity, time estimation, and automation level preference. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, vol. 32, iss. 2, 2021, 100419.

12. Eum W., Lee J-D. The co-evolution of production and technological capabilities during industrial development. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, vol. 63, 2022, pp. 454–469.

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.128-135

According to Rosstat, in 2024, the total fer tility rate decreased by 2.3% compared to the previous year — from 8.6‰ in 2023 to 8.4‰ in 2024. Operational data for January-March 2025 also record a decrease in the bir th rate: the rate for the first three months was 8.0‰, which is 3.6% less than the same period in the previous year (for reference: January-March 2024 — 8.3‰). State authorities are actively developing and implementing new measures for providing full reproduction of the country’s population. In this regard, close attention is paid to the issues of the ef fectiveness of the demographic policy being implemented in the area of birth rate, which determines the usefulness and high practical significance of the proposed approach to measuring the impact of federal maternal (family) capital for the first child on bir th rate.

References:

1. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 7 maya 2024 g. N 309 “O natsional’nykh tselyakh razvitiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii na period do 2030 goda i na perspektivu do 2036 goda” [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2024 No. 309 “On the National Development Goals of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030 and for the Perspective up to 2036”]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: ht tp://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/50542

2. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 2 iyulya 2021 g. N 400 “O Strategii natsional’noy bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii” [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 2, 2021 No. 400 “On the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation”]. Garant, available at: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/401325792/

3. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 9 noyabrya 2022 g. N 809 “Ob utverzhdenii Osnov gosudarstvennoy politiki po sokhraneniyu i ukrepleniyu traditsionnykh rossiyskikh dukhovno-nravstvennykh tsennostey” [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 9, 2022 No. 809 “On Approval of the Fundamentals of State Policy for the Preservation and Strengthening of Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values”]. Garant, available at: https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/405579061/?ysclid=m58csbjseu924993873

4. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 23 yanvarya 2024 g. N 63 “O merakh sotsial’noy podderzhki mnogodetnykh semey” [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 23, 2024 No. 63 “On Measures of Social Support for Large Families”]. Konsul’tantPlyus, available at: https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_467710/?ysclid=m58ctrze32536168260

5. Strategiya deystviy po realizatsii semeynoy i demograficheskoy politiki, podderzhke mnogodetnosti v Rossiyskoy Federatsii do 2036 goda (proekt) [Strategy of Actions for the Implementation of Family and Demographic Policy, Support for Large Families in the Russian Federation until 2036 (draft)]. Ministerstvo truda i sotsial’noy zashchity RF, available at: https://mintrud.gov.ru/ministry/programms/11?ysclid=m58cvzb6bg388401477

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.122-127

Research object of the present scientific article is the most significant, technologically advanced branch of industry, remaining within the framework of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia, namely mechanical engineering. The purpose of this article is to analyze systematically the problem of providing impor t substitution, technological renewal and sustainable functioning of the most important industry, as well as to determine the main directions of its fur ther development in order to achieve technological sovereignty of the country in the context of a hybrid sanctions war declared by the United States and unfriendly countries. As a result of a comprehensive analysis, the authors deal with strategic problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering as a trend in the development of the industry and economy of the Russian Federation as a whole.

References:

1. Programma “Tsifrovaya ekonomika Rossiyskoy Federatsii” (utv. rasporyazheniem Pravitel’stva RF ot 28 iyunya 2017 g. N 1632-r [Digital Economy of the Russian Federation: Program. — Approved by the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 28, 2017 No. 1632-r.], available at: http://static. government.ru/media/files/9gFM4FHj4PsB79I5v7yLVuPgu4bvR7 M0.pdf

2. Poslanie Prezidenta RF Federal’nomu sobraniyu RF ot 29 fevralya 2024 g. [Address of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated February 29, 2024]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: ht tp://www.kremlin.ru/acts/bank/50431

3. Peterburgskiy mezhdunarodnyy ekonomicheskiy forum. Sankt-Peterburg, 4–8 iyunya 2024 g. [St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. St. Petersburg, June 4–8, 2024.]. RIA Novosti, available at: ht tps://rio.ru/20240608/putin-2893212072.html

4. Prognoz sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii na 2022 god i na planovyy period 2023 i 2024 godov [Forecast of Socio-economic Development of the Russian Federation for 2022 and for the Planning Period of 2023 and 2024], available at: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/file/ d7f5f5dea44bda4c30d42aac04cc1fca/prognoz_socialno_ekonom_razvitiya_rf_2022-2024.pdf

5. Postanovlenie Pravitel’stva Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 15 iyunya 2023 g. N 988 “O vnesenii izmeneniy v postanovlenie Pravitel’stva Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 18 maya 2011 g. N 378” [Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 15, 2023 No. 988 “On Amendments to the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 18, 2011 No. 378”]. Ofitsial’noe opublikovanie pravovykh aktov, available at: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/ document/0001202306150033

6. Prognoz dolgosrochnogo sotsial’no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii na period do 2030 goda (utv. rasporyazheniem Pravitel’stva RF ot 6 oktyabrya 2021 g. N 2816-r) [Forecast of the Long-term Socio-economic Development of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Pravitel’stva RF, available at: http://government.ru/docs/12582

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.54-61

The study was carried out within the framework of D. North’s concept of the institutional framework of interactions. The article presents the author’s periodization of the stages of institutionalization in the process of business valuation formation. The author provides an analysis of the development stages and transformation of the institutional framework of the process of business value formation, based on dominant beliefs. Analysis covers the stages from the “pre-cost” of business in early historical periods to specifics of the cost of business in the context of digital technologies.

References: 

1. Gorodetskiy A. Ob osnovakh institutsional’noy transformatsii (teoreticheskiy aspekt) [On the Foundations of Institutional Transformation (Theoretical Aspect)]. Voprosy ekonomiki, 2000, no 10, pp. 118–133.

2. Loginova L.V. Institutsionalizatsiya ekonomicheskikh interesov: metodologicheskiy aspect: Formirovanie rossiyskoy modeli rynochnoy ekonomiki: protivorechiya i perspektivy [Institutionalization of Economic Interests: Methodological Aspect: Formation of the Russian Model of Market Economy: Contradictions and Prospects]. Pod red. K.A. Khubieva. Part 2. Moscow, Ekonomicheskiy fakul’tet, TEIS, 2003, pp. 259–265.

3. Oleynik A.N. Institutsional’nye aspekty sotsial’no-ekonomicheskikh transformatsiy [Institutional Aspects of Socio-economic Transformations]. Moscow, TEIS, 2000, 158 p.

4. Nort D.K. Pyat’ tezisov ob institutsional’nykh izmeneniyakh: Kvartal’nyy byulleten’ kluba ekonomistov [Five Theses on Institutional Change: Quarterly Bulletin of the Economists’ Club]. Minsk, Institut privatizatsii i menedzhmenta, 1998, pp. 3–15.

5. Nort D.K. Avtobiografiya. Lektsiya pamyati Al’freda Nobelya: Laureaty Nobelevskoy premii po ekonomike: avtobiografii, lektsii, kommentarii [Autobiography. Lecture in Memory of Alfred Nobel: Nobel Prize Laureates in Economics: Autobiographies, Lectures, Commentaries]. Pod red. V.V. Okrepilova. Vol. 2, Saint Petersburg, Nauka, 2009, pp. 297–315.

6. Adno Yu.L., Aleksandrova I.I., Baykov N.M., et al. Mirovaya ekonomika: global’nye tendentsii za 100 let [World Economy: Global Trends Over 100 Years]. Pod red. I.S. Koroleva. Moscow, Yurist”, 2003, 604 p.

7. Maddison А. The World Economy: a Millennial Perspective. Paris, Development Center of the OECD, 2001, 388 p.

8. North D.C., Thomas R.P. The rise of the Western world: a new economic history. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, 171 p.

9. Gloveli G.D. Geopoliticheskaya ekonomiya v Rossii: ot diskussiy o samobytnosti k global’nym modelyam (XIX v. — pervaya tret’ XX v.) [Geopolitical Economy in Russia: From Discussions of Identity to Global Models (19th Century — First Third of the 20th Century)]. Saint Petersburg, Aleteyya, 2009, 204 p.

10. Nort D.K. Ponimanie protsessa ekonomicheskikh izmeneniy [Understanding the Process of Economics Change]. Moscow, ID GU — VShE, 2010, 256 p.

11. Novaya postindustrial’naya volna na Zapade: Antologiya [The New Post-Industrial Wave in the West: An Anthology]. Pod red. V.L. Inozemtseva. Moscow, Academia, 1999, 640 p.