The causes of the power outage in Spain on April 28, 2025, are examined. It is concluded that the transition to clean but less manageable energy creates problems in the security system.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.123.2025.118-123

According to the IMF, the US GDP growth rate in 2025 will decrease to 1,6% with the forecast for US GDP growth in 2024 being 2,1%. Our article [1] provides an analysis of «Black Monday» on August 5, 2024, which marked the beginning of the global financial crisis. In this article, we will outline the further course of this crisis. In Russia, GDP growth for the first half of 2024 was 4,6%, for 2024 – 4,1%. The forecast for real GDP for the world was 3,2% in 2024 and, according to the IMF, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation gave a conservative scenario, according to which the growth of Russian GDP in 2025 will be 1,7%, inflation 3,7% (Kommersant, 09.14.2024, p. 19).

References:

[1] See in No. 2 (121)/2025. p. 131.

2. BP may change its decision to reduce oil and gas production. The company plans to change its strategy to reduce oil and gas production by 40%. Neftegaz.RU. October 2024. URL: https://neftegaz.ru/news/companies/858590-bp-mozhet-izmenit-svoe-reshenie-ob-umenshenii-proizvodstva-nefti-i-gaza/

3. Oil continues to rise in price amid concerns about a large-scale conflict in the Middle East. Neftegaz.RU. October 2024. URL: https://neftegaz.ru/news/finance/858410-neft-prodolzhaet-dorozhat-na-fone-opaseniy-po-povodu-masshtabnogo-konflikta-na-blizhnem-vostoke/

4. Sechin I.V. Energy transition and phantom barrels: Abandon hope, all ye who enter here. The bright future of global energy will take everyone. Report at the XXVII St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. June 8, 2024. URL: https://www.rosneft.ru/upload/site1/attach/spief_2024/SPIEF2024_speech_rus.pdf

5. Abrekov M.M. Model of economic growth of real GDP in the USA. Bulletin of the Altai Academy of Economics and Law. 2020;5-1: 5-11.

According to the IMF, the US GDP growth rate in 2025 will decrease to 1,6% with the forecast for US GDP growth in 2024 being 2,1%. Our article [1] provides an analysis of «Black Monday» on August 5, 2024, which marked the beginning of the global financial crisis. In this article, we will outline the further course of this crisis. In Russia, GDP growth for the first half of 2024 was 4,6%, for 2024 – 4,1%. The forecast for real GDP for the world was 3,2% in 2024 and, according to the IMF, the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation gave a conservative scenario, according to which the growth of Russian GDP in 2025 will be 1,7%, inflation 3,7% (Kommersant, 09.14.2024, p. 19).

References:

1. Kuzovkin A.I., Stakun A.V. Forecast of the dynamics of global economic development for 2024–2025. Microeconomics. 2024;4:27–38.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.117.2024.27-38

The article analyzes the global economic forecasts for 2024–2025 developed by the World Bank, the IMF, and the OECD. According to the May OECD report, one of the risks to economic development may be an acceleration of inflation in developed countries. In the United States, annual inflation accelerated to 3,5% in March 2024, compared to 3,2% in February. And the US Federal Reserve is ready to postpone the interest rate cut until November 2024. The IMF forecast for Russian GDP growth in 2024 has been improved to 3,2%, but reduced to 1,8% for 2025. For the United States, GDP growth is projected to be 2,1% in 2024, and 1,7% for 2025.

References:

1. Chugunov Artem. The Economy of Developing Overheating. The World Bank Shares the Position of the Bank of Russia on the Nature of Inflation in the Russian Federation. 04/15/2024. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6648521

2. World Bank. 2024. Global Economic Prospects. January. Washington, DC: World Bank. URL: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7fe97e0a-52c5-4655-9207-c176eb9fb66a/content

3. Borovikova Kristina. Developing Economies Are Becoming More Attached to Developed Ones. Monitoring the World Economy. 05.04.2024. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6622054

4. Borovikova Kristina. The Grounds for a Global Slowdown Are Being Selected. OECD expects moderate growth in 2024. 06.02.2024. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6493747

5. Edovina Tatyana. Global fun. The IMF has raised its forecasts for the global and Russian economies. 30.01.2024. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6479601

6. Today’s number. Inflation in the OECD in 2023. 08.02.2024. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6495212

7. Borovikova Kristina. The global economy has received additional growth. The OECD has cautiously improved its global GDP forecast. 02.05.2024. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6680489

8. OECD Economic Outlook, May 2024. URL: https://www.oecd.org/economic-outlook/may-2024/

9. Elvira Nabiullina’s press conference: increase in the key rate, peak inflation. Key points. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6760711

DOI: 10.33917/mic-3.116.2024.69-75

A factor model of US economic growth, developed by famous economists P.E. Samuelson and V.E. Nordhouse, is presented. [1]. An analysis of the growth of inflation in the US and European economies in 2023 and ways to reduce it due to an increase in interest rates by the US Federal Reserve System and the European Central Bank is given. It is noted that the Russian economy in 2022–2023. ranked fifth in the world in terms of GDP calculated at purchasing power parity (PPP), ahead of European countries, and according to the World Bank in May 2024 it rose to fourth place.

References:

1. Samuelson P.E., Nordhaus V.D. Economy. 16th edition. Williams Publishing House, 2003. 688 p.

2. Global fun. The IMF has raised its forecasts for the global and Russian economies. Kommersant, January 30, 2024. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6479601

3. Khazin M. Why will the USA and the dollar face «horror-horror-horror» in 2024 and what is Russia’s strategy? URL: https:/www. business-gazeta ru/article/6188366

4. Kuzovkin A.I. Climate Summit in Rome and Climate Conference in Glasgow in 2021. Microeconomics. 2022;1:91–97. (In Russ.).

5. From the minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee. URL: https://smart-lab.ru/blog/856802.php

6. Milchakova N. Mysteries of GDP: how and why did Russia become the fifth economy in the world? Moskovsky Komsomolets. April 1, 2024. URL: https://www.mk.ru/economics/2024/03/31/zagadki-vvp-kak-i-pochemu-rossiya-stala-pyatoy-ekonomikoy-mira.html

7. Vedeneeva N. Academician Aganbegyan told how to make Russians rich: «A very effective tool». Moskovsky Komsomolets, March 20, 2024. URL: https://www.mk.ru/economics/2024/03/19/akademik-aganbegyan-rasskazal-kak-sdelat-rossiyan-bogatymi-ochen-deystvennyy-instrument.html

DOI: 10.33917/mic-6.113.2023.76-88

Forecasts are given for 2023–2028 global demand for oil and energy, as well as real GDP growth by region of the world. The linear regression models developed by the authors and graphs of the relationship between the annual growth rate of global GDP and the annual growth rate of global oil and energy demand are presented.

According to the authors, the fight against inflation by the US Federal Reserve and the Central Bank of Europe through raising interest rates leads to a decrease in investment and a decrease in the growth rate of GDP in the US and Europe.

References: 

1. «Prospects for the development of the world economy».  World Bank report dated June 05,2023. URL:  https://www.vsemirnyjbank.org/ru/publication/global- economic-prospects

2. The Central Bank kept the key rate at 7,5%

for the fifth time in a row. KOMMERSANT dated04/28/2023. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5955429

3. The economy is reaching a plateau. GDP monitoring. KOMMERSANT dated 08/04/2023.

URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6138316

4. EDB macro forecast 2023–2025: economic growth forecast has been improved for all countries in the region. URL: https://eabr.org/press/releases/makroprognoz-eabr-2023–2025-prognozekonomicheskogo-rosta- uluchshen-dlya-vsekhstran-regiona/

5. IEA «Oil 2023 Analysis and forecast to 2028». June 2023. URL: https://www.iea.org/reports/oil-2023

6. IEA «World Energy Outlook 2022». URL:

https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/830fe099–5530–48f2-a7c1–11f35d510983/WorldEnergyOutlook2022.pdf

DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.111.2023.69-72

An analysis is given of significant changes in the export of energy resources from Russia, taking into account the global economic recession and the warm winter in Europe in comparison with 2022. It is noted that in 2023 there was a sharp change in the export flows of oil and gas from Europe to Asia (China and India), after the introduction of the EU price ceiling for Russian oil. Europe has switched to coal for power plants and buying more expensive LNG from the US instead of Russian gas.

References: 

1. Novak A. Energy policy of Russia: turn to the East // Energy policy, June 08, 2023. URL: https://energypolicy.ru/energeticheskaya-politika-rossii-razvorot-na-vostok/business/2023/14/08 /

2. Oil market, OPEC+, new markets and gasification // Neftegaz.RU. URL: https://neftegaz.ru/news/transport-and-storage/780860-neftyanoy-rynok-opek-novye-rynki-i-gazifikatsiya-a-novak-oboznachil-energeticheskie-perspektivy-ross/

The article analyzes the development of the economy and the consumption of energy resources for the coming years in Russia and abroad. The role of energy resources in the growth of prices in 2022 in the EU countries is shown. An increase in the export of energy resources from Russia to Asia (China, India) was noted, with a significant decrease in oil and gas supplies to Europe. The impact of the Russian oil price ceiling on the budget in 2023 is assessed. The results of the Davos Forum in January 2023 are analyzed.

References:

1. Alifirova E. A. Novak: oil production in Russia in 2022 will grow by 2%, gas – will fall by 18-20%. URL: https://neftegaz.ru/news/finance/763968-a-novak-dobycha-nefti-v-rossii-v-2022-g-vyrastet-na-2-gaza-upadet-na-18-20/

2. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2022 No. 961 «On the application of special economic measures in the fuel and energy sector in connection with the establishment by some foreign states of the maximum price for Russian oil and oil products». – Access from the information and legal system «Garant».

3. Alifirova E. The Russian budget in January 2023 received less than 52.1 billion rubles. oil and gas revenues. URL: https://neftegaz.ru/news/finance/768980-rossiyskiy-byudzhet-v-yanvare-2023-g-nedopoluchil-52-1-mlrd-rub-neftegazovykh-dokhodov/

4. Viktorov V. LNG is exported on a record // Radio «Kommersant FM» dated December 7, 2022. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5707622

5. Edovina T. Gas occupies the provided volume. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5594179

6. Urvachev L. The dollar fell below 68 rubles, the euro – below 73 rubles. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5760848

7. Babkin D. The West did not have enough ceiling. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5760224

8. The IMF has revised forecasts for GDP dynamics in the world and in Russia // Kommersant dated 10/11/2022. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5607636

9. Borovikova K. Davos ended with a discussion of the shaky prospects for the global economy // Kommersant, 2023. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5782786

10. Kuzovkin A.I. Climate, the role of fuel and renewable energy sources. Microeconomics. 2022;3:28-37. (In Russ.).

DOI: 10.33917/mic-5.106.2022.69-78

The situation with unstable gas supply and energy supply in the EU has become more complicated in connection with the start of the military special operation of the Russian Federation in Ukraine, which has dramatically changed the situation with the energy supply in Europe. The EU predicts to reduce the consumption of Russian gas, while experiencing a shortage of gas.

Germany could use Nord Stream 2 gas, as former German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder called for in early August this year after his visit to Moscow. This step would solve Germany’s gas supply problems for a long period. However, the EU and Germany previously refused to use Nord Stream 2 for political reasons.

The situation changed radically when, on September 26, 2022, a sabotage was committed on the Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 gas pipelines, as a result of which sections of gas pipes were torn off near the island of Bornholm (Denmark). As a result, one billion m3 of gas flows out of the pipes. Repair of ruptured pipes can take several months. Europe will remain in autumn and winter without Russian gas.

LNG will not be able to replace Russian gas due to the limited number of points for its reception, as well as the rise in the cost of LNG by 20-30% compared to pipeline Russian gas. In addition, until 2030, EU LNG imports will be limited due to insufficient LNG production capacities in the US and the world, as well as Asian countries’ competition in LNG consumption.

References:

1. Bloomfield H.C., Brayshaw D.J., Troccoli A., Goodess C.M., De Felice M., Dubus L., Bett P.E., Saint-Drenan Y.-M. Quantifying the sensitivity of european power systems to energy scenarios and climate change projections, Renewable Energy, Volume 164, February 2021. pp. 1062-1075.

2. Frank Ch., Fiedler S., Crewell S. Balancing potential of natural variability and extremes in photovoltaic and wind energy production for European countries, Renewable Energy, Volume 163, January 2021. pp. 674-684.

3. Wang S., Tarroja B., Schell L., Samuelsen S. Determining cost-optimal approaches for managing excess renewable electricity in decarbonized electricity systems, Renewable Energy, Volume 178, November 2021. pp. 1187-1197.

4. Umerenkov E. There is gas, but not for you. URL: https://www.kp.ru/daily/27289/4427398/

5. Tikhonov S. Lost in prohibitions // Rossiyskaya Gazeta. August 11, 2022. P. 5. (In Russ.).

6. Alifirova E. New IEA forecast. URL: https://neftegaz.ru/news/finance/742705-novye-prognozy-mea-sokrashchenie-mirovogo-sprosa-na-gaz-v-2022-g-padenie-rossiyskikh-postavok-v-evro/

7. International Energy Agency (IEA) Quarterly Gas Market Report, July 5, 2022 (Gas Market Report, Q2-2022 including Global Gas Review 2021). URL: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/cfd2441e-cd24-413f-bc9f-eb5ab7d82076/GasMarketReport%2CQ2-2022.pdf

8. Smil V. The use of fossil fuels has increased by 20% since the beginning of the century // Vedomosti. June 02, 2022. (In Russ.).

9. Kuzovkin A.I. Climate, the role of fuel and renewable energy sources. Microeconomics. 2022;3:28-37. (In Russ.).

DOI: 10.33917/mic-3.104.2022.28-37

In 2021, the cost of building solar panels has risen in price by 50%, and wind power plants (WPP) by 13%. Many experts write about their further significant growth. This is also noted in The Global Risks Report 2022 at the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos in 2022. Thus, the price of polysilicon over the past year has increased by about 3 times, the price of hot-rolled steel has doubled. Steel production is a process with a high share of CO2 emissions. The era of relatively inexpensive renewable energy is over.

In the coming years, the failure of the climate action of the «green transformation», the growth of fuel consumption, energy and economic crises are coming.