DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.38-49

Spanish political mentality is a historically determined, multidimensional and systemic result of a long multi-ethnic and transcivilizational process. To study it, a methodological concept of imprinting was used, which was firstly substantiated within the framework of the present study. The article formulates the concept of the imprinting-suggestion phenomenon, the basic structural elements of which are represented primarily by epochal political events, as well as great cultural figures and outstanding governors. Taking into account these invariant predictors, critical periods in the history of Spain that influenced the course of its political mentalization are discussed. Based on methodological potential of the imprinting concept, its root sources — romanization and christianization — are revealed. The article examines the evolution specifics of polymentality in Moorish Spain, emergence of Spanish Catholicism and significance of the Reconquista in forming the foundations of the Spanish mentality. These and other key moments in the history of the Kingdom of Spain from this perspective are still awaiting their researchers. The final section provides an analytical review of the philosophical and theological principles of the Spanish political mentality.

References:

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33. Simon G. Voyny Rima v Ispanii. 154–133 gg. do n.e. [Rome’s Wars in Spain. 154–133 BC]. Saint Petersburg, 2008.

34. Losev A.F., Chistyakova N.A., Boroday T.Yu., et al. Antichnost’ kak tip kul’tury [Antiquity as a Type of Culture]. Moscow, Nauka, 1988.

35. Rüpke J. (Edit.). A Companion to Roman Religion. Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.

36. Kyumon F. Vostochnye religii v rimskom yazychestve [Eastern Religions in Roman Paganism]. Saint Petersburg, Evraziya, 2002.

37. Shayd Dzh. Religiya rimlyan [Religion of the Romans]. Moscow, 2006, p. 32.

38. Dzhons A.Χ. Gibel’ antichnogo mira [The Death of the Ancient World]. Rostov n/D, Feniks, 1997.

39. Ortega-i-Gasset Kh. Izbrannye trudy [Selected Works]. 2-e izd. Moscow, Ves’ mir, 2000, pp. 330, 331.

40. Badian Е. Roman Imperialism of the Late Republic. Oxford, 1968, p. 5.

41. Yakovleva L.E. Problema natsional’noy identichnosti v ispanskoy filosofii XX veka [The Problem of National Identity in Spanish Philosophy of the Twentieth Century], available at: https://conf.esp-centr.sfedu.ru/materials/995/yakovleva.pdf

42. Klaude D. Istoriya vestgotov [Geschichte der Westgoten]. Saint Petersburg, Evraziya, 2003.

43. Dzhon F. Mak-Artur. Tolkovanie knig Novogo Zaveta. 1-e Poslanie k Timofeyu [Interpretation of the Books of the New Testament. 1st Epistle to Timothy]. Moscow, Slavyanskoe Evangel’skoe Obshchestvo, 2002, p. 9.

44. Deko A. Apostol Pavel [Apostle Paul]. Moscow, Molodaya gvardiya, 2005, p. 56.

45. Cardaillac L. Santiago apóstol: el santo de los dos mundos. El Colegio de Jalisco, 2002.

46. Berdyaev N.A. Dukh i real’nost’ [Spirit and Reality]. Moscow, AST, Astrel’, 2011, p. 10.

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.50-59

The author draws attention to the fact that many international organizations consider it necessary to abandon the term “developing countries.” Reason for this is because countries outside the developed world do not represent a homogeneous group. The number of former developing countries that managed to enter in the group of developed countries is extremely small. The article examines the development factors that contribute to such transition, as well as two approaches to sustainable development: resilience and sustainability. The author states that there is no rational recipe for national success, and successful development is more a matter of art than rational knowledge. He also examines six country cases — the most successful developing countries according to the World Bank. In the end, the author comes to conclusion that modern technological progress makes building a model of the developing world’s future very difficult.

References:

1. Time to stop referring to the “developing world”. World Bank Blogs, January 23, 2024, available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/time-stopreferring-developing-world

2. Is the term ‘developing world’ outdated? World Economic Forum, Nov 19, 2015, available at: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/11/is-the-termdeveloping-world-outdated/

3. Developing country: an outdated term in The Lancet. The Lancet, Sept 14, 2019, available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31098-0/fulltext

4. Oscar Abraham Raya López. How are countries classified according to their level of development? Mexican Center for International Relations, June 24, 2022, available at: https://cemeri.org/ru/enciclopedia/e-clasificacion-nivel-desarrollo-paises-fv

5. Spisok naimenee razvitykh stran [List of Least Developed Countries]. OON, available at: ht tps://www.un.org/ru/development/ldc/list.shtml

6. Top Five Fastest-Growing Economies in 2024. Euromonitor International, October 6, 2024, available at: https://www.euromonitor.com/article/top-fivefastest-growing-economies-in-2024#:~:text=Out%20of%20the%20world’s%2062,%2C%20Vietnam%2C%20Indonesia%20and%20China

7. Three hundred years of applied sustainability in forestry, available at: https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/154087/1/eth-7348-01.pdf

8. The overall performance of all 193 UN Member States. SDR, available at: https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/rankings

9. The turbulent world of resilience: interpretations and themes for transdisciplinary dialogue. Springer Nature Link, available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2358-0

10. ZOE, the Institute for Future-Fit Economies [Website]. ZOE, available at: https://zoe-institut.de/en/home-2/

11. The Economic Resilience Index, available at: https://zoe-institut.de/wpcontent/uploads/2023/09/Economic_Resilience_Index_Final-1.pdf

12. Knuth K. The term “resilience” is everywhere — but what does it really mean. Ensia, available at: https://ensia.com/articles/what-is-resilience/

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.60-69

Creation of a digital international trading platform aimed at efficient settlements between companies of the BRICS countries is a key stage in developing the global economic interaction. The new BRICS Development Bank, being the holder of its own blockchain technology, becomes the central institution of this innovation era, ensuring transparency and ef ficiency in international settlements. The blockchain-based crypto wallet system provides security and efficiency for the BRICS companies conducting trade operations with foreign counterparties. The platform offers a unique settlement mechanism in BRICSCoin, backed up by strict regulatory and audit measures to ensure compliance with financial securit y standards. This initiative not only facilitates efficient international settlements, but also sets up a new standard for secure and innovative trading practices in the global economy.

permanent link >>>

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.70-77

The article dwells on the essence of artificial intelligence as a mathematical model used to automate human cognitive activity. The author identifies practical tasks that can be solved with the help of the above technology, such as automation of routine business processes, marketing offers personalization, fraud detection, management decision-making support and others. Industries where artificial intelligence is actively used are studied, including healthcare, finance, retail, manufacturing, energy and telecommunications. Special attention is paid to specific examples of applying ar tificial intelligence in auctions, in particular in real estate, energy, online advertising and distribution of computing resources. The author reveals auction models, their essence and areas of application, such as online auctions, programmatic adver tising, spot electricity markets, financial markets and government procurement.

The article analyzes the prospects for introducing artificial intelligence-based tools into auctions in the context of fur ther digitalization of the Russian economy and potential benefits of their application, such as increased profits, optimized use of resources, reduced labour costs and other operating costs.

References:

1. Smith C. Introduction. The History of Artificial Intelligence, available at: https://courses.cs.washington.edu/ courses/csep590/06au/projects/history-ai.pdf

2. Timofeeva A.Yu., Koroleva E.N. Iskusstvennyy intellekt v upravlenii ekonomikoy [Artificial Intelligence in Economic Management]. Nauka XXI veka: aktual’nye napravleniya razvitiya, 2021, no 1-2, pp. 184–188.

3. Reutov R.V. Vliyanie innovatsiy tsifrovoy ekonomiki na mekhanizm neytralizatsii defektov bankovskogo rynka: Ekonomiko-pravovye problem obespecheniya ekonomicheskoy bezopasnosti [The Impact of Digital Economy Innovations on the Mechanism for Neutralizing Defects in the Banking Market:

Economic and Legal Problems of Ensuring Economic Security]. 2021, pp. 99–102.

4. Talapina E.V. Ispol’zovanie iskusstvennogo intellekta v gosudarstvennom upravlenii [Use of Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration]. Informatsionnoe obshchestvo, 2021, no 3, pp. 16–22.

5. Nikitaeva A.Y., Salem A.B.M. Institutional framework for the development of artificial intelligence in the industry. Journal of Institutional Studies, 2022, vol. 14, no 1, pp. 108–126.

6. Zhang C., Lu Y. Study on artificial intelligence: The state of the art and future prospects. Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 2021, available at:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2452414X21000248

7. Fiala P., Flusserova L. Modelirovanie i reshenie dvustoronnikh auktsionov [Modeling and Solving Two-sided Auctions]. Khronoekonomika, 2022, no 4(38), pp. 4–8.

8. Kapusto A.V., Banshchikov D.O. Auktsiony i ikh modelirovanie: Tendentsii ekonomicheskogo razvitiya v XXI veke [Auctions and Their Modeling: Trends of Economic Development in the 21st Century]. 2021, pp. 428–431.

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.78-85

The article analyzes socio-economic situation of workers in the mining industry (from 2019 to 2025) and identifies trends in transition from traditional to innovative tools in the personnel’s work activities. It was also discovered that introduction of artificial intelligence technologies helps to minimize the human factor and ensures maximum production ef ficiency.

The present article also examines transformation of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the mining industry representatives, their social consequences, in particular, the impact of mining work on psychophysical health.

The paper also studies development of a nonlinear algorithm with the help of ar tificial intelligence methods, including a neural network and cognitive modules, as a factor in transition from traditional to innovative tools in the work of mining personnel, having direct significance for humans.

References:

1. Zinov’eva O.M., Merkulova A.M., Smirnova N.A., Shcherbakova E.A. K voprosu upravleniya psikhosotsial’nymi riskami v gornom dele [Psychosocial Risk Management Issue in Mining]. Gornyy informatsionno-analiticheskiy byulleten’, 2022, no 1, pp. 20–33.

2. Timofeeva S.S., Boboev A.A., Drozdova I.V. Identifikatsiya opasnostey pri dobyche rudnogo zolota v Rossii i Uzbekistane [Hazards Identification in Gold Mining in Russia and Uzbekistan]. Journal of Advances in Engineering Technology, vol. 1(1), Sept. 2020, pp. 1–7.

3. Chebotarev A.G., Leskina L.M., Golovkova N.P. Usloviya truda i professional’nyy risk narusheniya zdorov’ya rabochikh rudnykh kar’erov [Working Conditions and Quarry Workers Occupational Health Risks]. Gornaya promyshlennost’, 2020, no 5, pp. 115–119.

4. Berezovskaya A.V., Fomin A.I. Faktory opasnosti zdorov’yu shakhterov i mery protivodeystviya etim riskam [Health Hazards to Miners and Measures to Counteract These Risks]. Mezhdunarodnyy nauchno-issledovatel’skiy zhurnal, 2023, no 5(131), pp. 1–8.

5. Zykova N.V. Silikoz [Silicosis]. Krasota i Meditsina, 2020, available at: https://www.krasotaimedicina.ru/diseases/zabolevanija_pulmonology/silicosis

6. Poletaeva A.V., Seryy A.V. Psikhologicheskie faktory perezhivaniya neschastnykh sluchaev na proizvodstve rabotnikami ugledobyvayushchikh predpriyatiy [Psychological Factors of Experiencing Industrial Accidents by Coal Mining Enterprises Workers]. Vestnik KRUNTs, 2011, no 2(18), pp. 143–152.

7. Tsymbal A.V. Issledovanie rasprostranennosti proyavleniy psikhologicheskoy dezadaptatsii u shakhterov, perezhivshikh vital’nuyu ugrozu v avariynoy situatsii [A study of the Psychological Maladjustment Manifestation Prevalence in Miners Who Survived a Vital Threat in an Emergency Situation]. Psikhologiya. Psikhofiziologiya, 2012, no 19, pp. 115–118.

8. Voznesenskiy N.K., Paramonova S.V., Sedinin A.L. Psikhovegetativnyy status podzemnykh gornorabochikh [Underground Miners Psychovegetative Status]. Meditsina truda i promyshlennaya ekologiya, 2019. № 9. S. 589.

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.86-97

The article analyzes socio-economic situation of workers in the mining industry (from 2019 to 2025) and identifies trends in transition from traditional to innovative tools in the personnel’s work activities. It was also discovered that introduction of artificial intelligence technologies helps to minimize the human factor and ensures maximum production ef ficiency.

The present article also examines transformation of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the mining industry representatives, their social consequences, in particular, the impact of mining work on psychophysical health.

The paper also studies development of a nonlinear algorithm with the help of ar tificial intelligence methods, including a neural network and cognitive modules, as a factor in transition from traditional to innovative tools in the work of mining personnel, having direct significance for humans.

References:

1. Anchishkin A.I. Nauka, tekhnika, ekonomika [Science, Technology, Economics]. Moscow, Ekonomika, 1986. 383 p.

2. Kheynman S.A. Nauchno-tekhnicheskaya revolyutsiya segodnya i zavtra [Scientific and Technological Revolution Today and Tomorrow]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1977, 328 p.

3. L’vov D.S. Effektivnoe upravlenie tekhnicheskim razvitiem [Effective Management of Technical Development]. Moscow, Ekonomika, 1990, 255 p.

4. L’vov D.S., Glaz’ev S.Yu. Teoreticheskie i prikladnye aspekty upravleniya NTP [Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Scientific and Technical Progress Management]. Ekonomika i matematicheskie metody, 1986, no 5, pp. 793–804.

5. Glaz’ev S.Yu. Teoriya dolgosrochnogo tekhniko-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya [Theory of Long-Term Technical and Economic Development]. Moscow, Vladar, 1993, 310 p.

6. Peres K. Tekhnologicheskie revolyutsii i finansovyy kapital. Dinamika puzyrey i periodov protsvetaniya [Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital. Dynamics of Bubbles and Periods of Prosperity]. Moscow, Delo, 2011, 232 p.

7. Dosi G. Technical Change and Industrial Transformation: The Patterns of Industrial Dynamics. Technical Change and Industrial Transformation. Palgrave Macmillan, London. 1984. 338 p.

8. Perez C. Structural change and assimilation of new technologies in the economic and social systems. Futures, 1983, vol. 4, no. 15, pp. 357–375.

9. Freeman C. Technology policy and economic performance: lessons from Japan. London, Pinter Publishers, 1987. 155 p.

10. Edler J., Blind K., Kroll H., Schubert T. Technology sovereignty as an emerging frame for innovation policy. Defining rationales, ends and means. Research Policy, vol. 52, iss. 6, 2023, 104765.

11. Erebak S., Turgut T. Anxiety about the speed of technological development: Effects on job insecurity, time estimation, and automation level preference. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, vol. 32, iss. 2, 2021, 100419.

12. Eum W., Lee J-D. The co-evolution of production and technological capabilities during industrial development. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, vol. 63, 2022, pp. 454–469.

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.98-107

The article dwells on the problems of financing fixed assets in industry and scientific developments. A new financial technology for financing non-current assets at the expense of current assets and funds of targeted financing is proposed. The authors have developed fundamentally new sources of investment financing through restoring the depreciation fund and creating a new Innovative Development Fund, taking into account new financial technologies for accounting operations. The problem of dividing financial flows into working capital and investment assets according to balance sheet accounting objects is solved by creating new balance sheet accounts reflecting various sources of financing and by registering certificates of market value assessment of rights to the intellectual activity results. New forms of reporting on the use of intellectual property objects are proposed.

References:

1. Ukaz Prezidenta RF ot 28 fevralya 2024 g. N 145 “O Strategii nauchno-tekhnologicheskogo razvitiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii” [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 28, 2024 No. 145 “On the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation”]. Kodeks, available at: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1305071057/titles/64U0IK

2. Ageev A.I., Radina V.A. Tainstvennyy virus v sisteme bukhgalterskogo ucheta [Mysterious Virus in Accounting System]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2024, no 6, pp. 72–83, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-6.198.2024.72-83

3. Radina V.A., Yakutin Yu.V. Novye finansovye tekhnologii sistemy upravleniya ekonomicheskoy deyatel’nost’yu [New Financial Technologies of the Economic Activity Management System]. Finansovaya zhizn’, 2024, no 2, pp. 108–146.

4. Khanin G.I. Ekonomicheskaya istoriya Rossii v noveyshee vremya [Economic History of Russia in Modern Times]. Monografiya: V 2 t. Novosibirsk, Izd-vo NGTU, 2010.

5. Buyvis T.A. Sovershenstvovanie amortizatsionnoy politiki predpriyatiya [Improving the Depreciation Policy of the Enterprise]. Uchet, 2018, no 6, pp. 165–169

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.108-113

The article dwells on the change in the market index of the “Economic Strategies” (MIES) for the first four months of 2025.

Contribution of supply and demand indicators to MIES is assessed. Industrial production is analyzed.

References:

1. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii. Yanvar’ — aprel’ 2025 g. [Socioeconomic Situation in Russia. January — April 2025]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoy statistiki, available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/osn-04-2025.pdf

2. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii. Yanvar’ — may 2025 g. [Socioeconomic Situation in Russia. January — May 2025]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoy statistiki, available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/osn-05-2025.pdf

3. Frenkel’ A.A., Tikhomirov B.I., Surkov A.A. Obnadezhivayushchie itogi strategicheskogo razvitiya Rossii v 2024 godu: ispytanie na prochnost’ v usloviyakh novoy real’nosti [Encouraging Results of Russia’s Strategic Development in 2024: A Test of Strength in the New Reality]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2025, no 2,

pp. 42–47, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-2.200.2025.42-47

4. Informatsiya ob uchastii Prezidenta RF v plenarnom zasedanii XXVIII Peterburgskogo mezhdunarodnogo ekonomicheskogo foruma 20 iyunya 2025 g.

[Information on the Participation of the President of the Russian Federation in the Plenary Session of the XXVIII St. Petersburg International Economic Forum on June 20, 2025]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/77222

5. Informatsiya o Federal’nom zakone ot 24 iyunya 2025 g. N 152-FZ “O vnesenii izmeneniy v Federal’nyy zakon ‘O federal’nom byudzhete na 2025 god i na planovyy period 2026 i 2027 godov” [Information about the Federal Law of June 24, 2025 No. 152-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law ‘On the Federal Budget for 2025 and for the Planning Period of 2026 and 2027”]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: http://kremlin.ru/acts/news/77260