DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.20-29

The article examines the issues of shaping environmental human rights as a scientific and legal category. Analysis of the influence of international law, regional and national legal systems on the development of environmental human rights is carried out. Using the example of environmental insurance and insurance coverage for the LUKOIL Group, legal instruments for guaranteeing human environmental rights as a component of environmental safety in the Caspian region are considered.

References: 

1. Discuss about the UN universal declaration of human rights. The Lawyers&Jurists, available at: https://www.lawyersnjurists.com/article/discuss-universal-declarationhuman-rights/

2. Jankuv J. Concept of Substantive Human Right to Environment under International Public Law. International Journal of Liberal Arts and Social Science, 2019, no 7(2), pp. 19–29.

3. Knox J.H. Constructing the Human Right to a Healthy Environment. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 2020, vol. 16, pp. 79–95.

4. Tret’yakova A.A. Ekologicheskie prava grazhdan v gosudarstvakh — chlenakh Evropeyskogo soyuza: Dis. … kand. yurid. nauk [Environmental Rights of Citizens in the Member States of the European Union: Diss…. Cand. of Law]. Moscow, 2001, pp. 126, 127.

5. Solntsev A.M. Sovremennoe mezhdunarodnoe pravo o zashchite okruzhayushchey sredy i ekologicheskikh pravakh cheloveka: Monografiya [Contemporary International Law on Environmental Protection and Human Environmental Rights: Monograph]. Moscow, 2013, pp. 24–68.

6. Eseyin M., Udoh S.E. When Rights Violate Rights: International Protection of Human Rights, Some Necessary Considerations. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2015, vol. 5, no 6(1), June 2015, available at: https://www.ijhssnet.com/journal/index/ 3124

7. Rezolyutsiya SPCh GA OON 48/13 “Prava cheloveka na chistuyu, zdorovuyu i ustoychivuyu okruzhayushchuyu sredu” (prinyata na 48-y sessii SPCh GA OON 18 oktyabrya 2021 g.) [UN HRC Resolution 48/13 “Human Rights to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment” (adopted at the 48th session of the UN HRC on 18 October 2021)], available at: http://cawater-info.net/library/rus/un-hrs-48-13-r.pdf

8. Rezolyutsiya GA OON 76/300 “Pravo cheloveka na chistuyu, zdorovuyu i ustoychivuyu okruzhayushchuyu sredu” (prinyata na 76-y sessii GA OON 1 avgusta 2022 g.) [UNGA Resolution 76/300 “The Human Right to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment” (adopted at the 76th session of the UNGA on 1 August 2022)], available at: https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N22/442/80/PDF/N2244280.pdf

9. Rezolyutsiya A/RES/70/1 “Preobrazovanie nashego mira: Povestka dnya v oblasti ustoychivogo razvitiya na period do 2030 g.” (prinyata GA 25 sentyabrya 2015 g.) [Resolution A/RES/70/1 “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” (adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015)]. 44 p.

10. Official Records 97th plenary meeting Seventy-sixth session General Assembly United Nations, 28 July 2022, A/76/PV.97. 28 July 2022. P. 5–19.

DOI: 10.33917/es-1.199.2025.24-33

This article is devoted to the anniversary of the Eurasian Economic Union, which began to function on January 1, 2015. In the article, the authors analyze the difficult historical path of the evolution of Eurasian integration cooperation in the post-Soviet space, the formation of integration ideas and their implementation. The motivations, practice and complex circumstances of the ongoing processes of Eurasian integration are considered.

References:

1. Demografiya v tsifrakh. Statistika Evraziyskoy ekonomicheskoy komissii: Evraziyskaya ekonomicheskaya komissiya [Demography in Figures. Statistics of the Eurasian Economic Commission: Eurasian Economic Commission]. Moscow, 2023, 70 p.

2. Dogovor o Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soyuze ot 29 maya 2014 g. [Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Evraziyskoy ekonomicheskoy komissii; Ofitsial’nyy internet-portal pravovoy informatsii, available at: http://www.eurasiancommission.org; http://pravo.gov.ru

3. EAES. Evraziyskaya ekonomicheskaya komissiya. 2020–2023 [EAEU. Eurasian Economic Commission. 2020–2023], available at: https://eec.eaeunion.org/

upload/medialibrary/807/EEC-Book-2020_2023.pdf

4. Oblizina V.V. Integratsionnye protsessy v Evraziyskom ekonomicheskom soobshchestve: institutsional’nye osnovy i tekhnologii realizatsii: diss. … kand.

polit. nauk [Integration Processes in the Eurasian Economic Community: Institutional Foundations and Implementation Technologies: diss…. Candidate of Political Sciences]. N. Novgorod, 2007, 161 p.

5. Soglashenie o sozdanii Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv (vmeste s Protokolom k Soglasheniyu o sozdanii Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, podpisannomu 8 dekabrya 1991 g. v g. Minske Respublikoy Belarus’, Rossiyskoy Federatsiey (RSFSR), Ukrainoy); protokol podpisan v g. Alma-Ate 21 dekabrya 1991 g. [Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (together with the Protocol to the Agreement on the Establishment

of the Commonwealth of Independent States, signed on December 8, 1991 in Minsk by the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation (RSFSR), and Ukraine);

the protocol was signed in Alma-Ata on December 21, 1991]. Sodruzhestvo. Informatsionnyy vestnik Sovetov glav gosudarstv i pravitel’stv SNG, 1992, Vyp. 1, pp. 6–8, 11.

6. Reshenie Soveta glav gosudarstv SNG “O prinyatii Ustava SNG” (vmeste s Ustavom Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv) (prinyato v g. Minske 22 yanvarya 1993 g.) (s izm. ot 19 sentyabrya 2003 g.) [Decision of the Council of Heads of State of the CIS “On the Adoption of the CIS Charter” (together with the Charterof the Commonwealth of Independent States) (adopted in Minsk on January 22, 1993) (as amended on September 19, 2003)]. Sodruzhestvo. Informatsionnyy

vestnik Sovetov glav gosudarstv i pravitel’stv SNG, 1993, no 1; Byulleten’ mezhdunarodnykh dogovorov, 1994, no 1.

7. Soglashenie o koordinatsionnykh institutakh SNG ot 21 dekabrya 1991 g. [Agreement on the CIS Coordinating Institutions of December 21, 1991]. Vedomosti SND i VS RF, 1991, 19 dekabrya, no 51, st. 1798; Sodruzhestvo. Informatsionnyy vestnik Soveta glav gosudarstv i Soveta glav pravitel’stv SNG, 1992, no 1.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.188.2023.36-43

The article analyzes historical development of the Russian-Turkmenistan relations. Multi-vector nature and flexibility in the development of a strategic partnership with Turkmenistan is substantiated. The author concludes that Russian-Turkmenistan relations should not be limited only to cooperation in the gas sector, but should develop dynamically towards formation of transport and logistics corridors, development of the tourist industry and communications modernization.

References:

1. Parizhskaya rech’ generala v ego kvartire na ryu Pent’er pered serbskimi studentami “Zavety slavyanstvu” [“Testaments to the Slavs”, Parisian Speech of the General in his Apartment on Rue Pentier to Serbian Students]. Sitaty.info, available at: https://citaty.info/man/mihail-skobelev.

2. Mezhgosudarstvennye otnosheniya Rossii i Turkmenii [Interstate Relations between Russia and Turkmenistan]. RIA “Novosti”, 2022, 10 iyunya, available at: https://ria.ru/20220610/turkmeniya-1794373218.html.

3. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020. 69th edition, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf.

4. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020. 71th edition, available at: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/
energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf.

5. Vyakhirev gotov k kompromissu [Vyakhirev is Ready to Compromise]. Nezavisimaya gazeta, 1999, 18 dekabrya, available at: https://www.ng.ru/cis/1999-12-18/5_viahirev.html.

6. V Ashkhabade sostoyalsya shestoi Kaspiiskii sammit [The Sixth Caspian Summit was Held in Ashgabat]. Rossiiskaya gazeta, 2022, 29 iyunya, available at: https://rg.ru/2022/06/29/bereg-druzej.html.

7. Kaspiiskoe sotrudnichestvo kak sposob resheniya ekonomicheskikh problem Turkmenistana [Caspian Cooperation as a Way to Solve Turkmenistan’s Economic Problems]. CABAR, available at: https://cabar.asia/ru/

8. Citaty.info, available at: https://citaty.info/man/mihail-skobelev.

9. Turkmenistan prizyvaet strany Kaspiya k rasshireniyu transportnogo sotrudnichestva [Turkmenistan Calls on the Caspian Countries to Expand Transport Cooperation]. Bol’shaya Aziya, 2022, 7 oktyabrya, available at: https://bigasia.ru/content/news/businness/turkmenistan-prizyvaet-strany-kaspiyak-rasshireniyu-transportnogo-sotrudnichestva/

10. Proekt Turkmenbashinskogo mezhdunarodnogo porta [The Project of the Turkmenbashi International Port]. GAP.INSAAT, available at: https://www.gapinsaat.com/ru/infrastructure/international-turkmenbasi-seaport-project.html.

11. Cherez mezhdunarodnyi port Turkmenbashi (Turkmenistan) eksportirovano bolee 6,5 mln tonn gruzov [More than 6.5 million tons of Cargo were Exported Hhrough the International Port of Turkmenbashi (Turkmenistan)]. Internet-portal SNG, 2022, 2 sentyabrya, available at: https://e-cis.info/news/567/102962/