DOI: 10.33917/es-6.204.2025.100-107

Over the past five years, significant fluctuations in global nuclear energy production have been observed. From 2015 to 2022 its production growth slowed down and in 2022 a decline in production volumes was even observed. As a result, the share of nuclear energy in the global energy balance has significantly decreased over the past 20 years. However, the record energy price increases in 2022, coupled with climate change pressures, have prompted a number of countries to recognize the need to revive and develop the nuclear industry. The article analyses the consequences of the 2022 price crisis for the energy sectors of leading European countries, as well as the reasons that caused the change in the European Parliament’s position in respect of the nuclear energy. The main factors influencing development of the global nuclear energy at the present moment and determining its possible future development are identified. In addition, the article discusses the main players in the global nuclear energy market, examines position of Russia and Rosatom State Corporation therein and identifies new market segments with potentially high levels of competition in the nearest future.

References:

1. European electricity prices and costs. Ember, available at: https://ember-energy.org/data/european-electricity-prices-and-costs/

2. Cracking Under Pressure: Inside the Race to Fix France’s Nuclear Plants. Bloomberg, available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2023-01-28/ inside-edf-s-race-to-fix-france-s-nuclear-reactors

3. EDF Moves Back Into State Hands With a Multitude of Burdens. Bloomberg, available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-08/edf-moves-back-into-state-ownership-with-a-multitude-of-burdens

4. Nuclear Energy. Our World in Data, available at: https://ourworldindata.org/nuclear-energy

5. Electricity generation in Germany in 2023. Energy-charts, available at: https://www.energy-charts.info/downloads/electricity_generation_germany_ 2023.pdf

6. EU parliament backs labelling gas and nuclear investments as green. Reuters, available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/eu-parliament-vote-green-gas-nuclear-rules-2022-07-06/

7. Technical assessment of nuclear energy with respect to the ‘do no significant harm’ criteria of Regulation (EU) 2020/852 (‘Taxonomy Regulation’). European Commission, available at: https://finance.ec.europa.eu/document/download/e8dce5a0-f1e3-4d5a-8566-0692d40a8d99_en?filename=210329-jrc-report-nuclear-energy-assessment_en.pdf

8. Nuclear Power and Secure Energy Transitions From today’s challenges to tomorrow’s clean energy systems. IEA, available at: https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/016228e1-42bd-4ca7-bad9-a227c4a40b04/NuclearPowerandSecureEnergyTransitions.pdf

9. Inflation Reduction Act of 2022. Congress.gov, available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/5376/text

10. Atomu nuzhny den’gi [Atom Needs Money]. Rosatomnewsletter, available at: https://rosatomnewsletter.com/ru/2024/01/27/nuclear-needs-finance/

DOI: 10.33917/es-6.204.2025.90-99

Development of domestic enterprises producing high-tech products today is a key element in strengthening the country’s defence capability and the innovation potential of its economy. In the face of modern challenges high-tech technologies, scientific potential and highly qualified management resources of high-tech industrial enterprises are becoming the most important factors in Russia’s economic stability and security. The article examines management factor of the scientific resource of high-tech enterprises as one of the progressive potential foundations of sustainable economic development of Russia in modern conditions.

References:

1. Lopatnikov A.I. Ekonomiko-matematicheskiy slovar’: Slovar’ sovremennoy ekonomicheskoy nauki [Economic and Mathematical Dictionary: Dictionary of Modern Economics]. Moscow, Delo, 2003, 680 p.

2. Shkut’ko A. Teoriya pokoleniy po godam: A, Z, Y, X i bebi-bumery [Generational Theory by Year: A, Z, Y, X, and Baby Boomers]. Khalva-Media, 2024, 27 iyunya, available at: https://media.halvacard.ru/life/teoriya-pokolenii-po-godam#h_35721781529931719502001962

3. Astashova Yu.V. Teoriya pokoleniy v marketing [Theory of Generations in Marketing]. Vestnik YuUrGU. Seriya: Ekonomika i menedzhment, 2014, no 1, p. 108.

4. Mironova O.A. Teoriya pokoleniy kak fundament novoy paradigmy upravleniya chelovecheskimi resursami v usloviyakh postindustrializatsii ekonomiki [Theory of Generations as the Foundation of a New Paradigm of Human Resource Management in the Context of Post-Industrialization of the Economy]. Uchenye zapiski Sankt-Peterburgskogo imeni V.B. Bobkova filiala Rossiyskoy tamozhennoy akademii, 2020, no 1(73), p. 73.

5. Potekhin N.A., Potekhin V.N. O teorii marketinga novogo pokoleniya [On the Theory of Marketing of the New Generation]. AVU, 2015, no 9(139), p. 87.

6. Mishin S.I. Metodika upravleniya povedeniem potrebitelya [Methodology of Consumer Behavior Management]. Kreativnaya ekonomika, 2012, no 9(69), pp. 89–95.

7. Glavatskikh O.B., Sokolova I.H. Problemy i tendentsii innovatsionnogo razvitiya vysokotekhnologichnykh predpriyatiy v usloviyakh tsifrovoy ekonomiki: Aktual’nye voprosy ekonomiki i finansov: Sb. statey II Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii [Problems and Trends of Innovative Development of High-Tech Enterprises in the Digital Economy: In the Collection: Current Issues of Economics and Finance: Collection of Articles of the II International Scientific and Practical Conference]. Izhevsk, 2022, pp. 140–153.

8. Global’nyy dogovor OON [The UN Global Compact]. UN, available at: unglobalcompact.org

9. Blyum M.A. Tsifrovoe predpriyatie: novye tekhnologii — novaya organizatsiya biznesa [Digital Enterprise: New Technologies — a New Business Organization]. Vestnik nauchnykh konferentsiy, 2020, no 10-1(62), pp. 17–20.

10. Goncharova N.A., Makarova N.E., Sutulova Yu.O. Tsifrovye transformatsii v sfere upravleniya personalom [Digital Transformations in the Field of Personnel Management]. Nauka i biznes: puti razvitiya, 2023, no 6(144), pp. 109–111.

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.64-73

The article substantiates a working toolkit for assessing the risks of implementing alternative projects aimed at creation and production of supersonic passenger aircraft in Russia based on the SWOT analysis techniques. The authors propose a methodological approach to formalizing definition of the competition intensity between manufacturers, as well as the degree of suppliers’ and buyers’ influence on them (developing the conceptual provisions of M. Porter’s five forces of competition model) based on the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. Primary matrix is constructed. Contribution of each factor to the overall integral result is calculated using the modified method of analyzing the internal and external environment profiles, proposed by the authors. The main factors of the project’s effectiveness and threats to its successful completion are identified. Preliminary assessment of the potential need of Russian aviation companies for supersonic aircraft designed for passenger transportation in the Far Eastern Federal District is given.

References:

[1-14] See in no. 4/2025. p. 137.

15. Pukhov A.A., Kolpakov S.K. Uroven’ gotovnosti tekhnologiy zarubezhnykh proektov sverkhzvukovykh grazhdanskikh samoletov novogo pokoleniya [The Level of Readiness of Technologies of Foreign Projects of Supersonic Civil Aircraft of the New Generation]. TVF (Tekhnika vozdushnogo flota), 2023, no 2, pp. 7–28.

16. Matchenko O.V. V razrabotke sverkhzvukovogo passazhirskogo samoleta my mozhem operedit’ Zapad [We Can Get Ahead of the West in Developing a Supersonic Passenger Aircraft]. MashNews. 2023, 29 maya, available at: https://mashnews.ru/v-razrabotke-sverxzvukovogo-passazhirskogo-samolyota-myimozhem-operedit-zapadnyix-konkurentov-chlen-korrespondent-ran-kirill-syipalo.html

17. Amirdzhanyan M. Pervyy v RF sverkhzvukovoy grazhdanskiy samolet mozhet byt’ sproektirovan za sem’-vosem’ let [The First Supersonic Civil Aircraft in Russia Could be Designed in Seven to Eight Years]. TASS, 2018, 29 yanvarya, available at: https://tass.ru/ekonomika/4911172

18. Kramnik I. Illyuziya vozmozhnostey: zachem nuzhen sverkhzvukovoy passazhirskiy samolet [The Illusion of Possibilities: Why We Need a Supersonic Passenger Jet]. Izvestiya, 2019, 19 fevralya.

19. Samofalova O. Ambitsioznyy proekt novogo sverkhzvukovogo avialaynera obrechen na proval [Ambitious New Supersonic Airliner Project Doomed to Failure]. Vzglyad, 2019, 1 fevralya, available at: https://vz.ru/economy/2019/2/1/962052.html

20. Sidnyaev N.I. Perspektivy razvitiya sovremennykh sverkhzvukovykh passazhirskikh samoletov [Prospects for the Development of Modern Supersonic Passenger Aircraft]. Inzhenernyy zhurnal: nauka i innovatsii, 2023, no 1, pp. 1–31.

21. Shchennikov V.S. Perspektivy razrabotki sverkhzvukovykh passazhirskikh samoletov [Prospects for the Development of Supersonic Passenger Aircraft]. Vestnik ekonomicheskoy bezopasnosti, 2018, no 2, pp. 369–373.

22. FAA nastraivaet sverkhzvuk pod sebya [FAA Tweaks Supersonics to Suit Its Needs]. Aeronautica.online, 2019, 23 iyunya, available at: https://aeronautica.online/faa-announces-upcoming -rulemakings — civil- supersonic-flight

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.74-85

This article examines a successful case of localizing production of tapered axlebox bearings for innovative railway wagons in Russia. The above project was implemented in conditions of high dependence on foreign supplies and restrictions related to international sanctions. The author analyzes in detail economic, technological and organizational aspects of the project, implemented with active government support through a mechanism of special investment contract (SPIC 2.0). The importance of comprehensive industrial policy measures, including tax incentives, financing through the Industrial Development Fund and regulatory support in the context of sanctions pressure is demonstrated. Project implementation resulted in 100% localization of a critical component of railway engineering, providing technological sovereignty, maintaining sustainability of the rail transport and creating production infrastructure of a new technological level. The present case confirms effectiveness of interaction between the government, business and key consumers in implementing strategically significant industrial initiatives.

References:

1. Rasporyazhenie Pravitel’stva RF ot 20 aprelya 2024 g. N 981 [Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated April 20, 2024 No. 981]. Garant, available at: https://base.garant.ru/408964851/

2. Uralvagonzavod: Deyatel’nost’ [Uralvagonzavod: Activities]. RUVIKI, available at: https://ru.ruwiki.ru/wiki/Уралвагонзавод

3. Proizvodstvo magistral’nykh gruzovykh vagonov v RF v 2012 g. vyroslo na 13,3% [Production of Mainline Freight Cars in the Russian Federation Increased by 13.3% in 2012]. RZhD-Partner.ru, 2013, 25 yanvarya, available at: https://www.rzd-partner.ru/zhd-transport/news/proizvodstvo-magistral%27nykhgruzovykh-vagonov-v-rf-v-2012-g—vyroslo-na-13-3/?ysclid=maxxsokfg5747409299

4. Postanovlenie Pravitel’stva RF ot 17 iyulya 2015 g. N 719 (red. ot 23 dekabrya 2024 g.) “O podtverzhdenii proizvodstva rossiyskoy promyshlennoy produktsii” [Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 17, 2015 No. 719 (as amended on December 23, 2024) “On confirmation of the production of Russian industrial products”]. Konsul’tantPlyuc, available at: http://login.consultant.ru/link/?req=doc&base=LAW&n=494410&dst=100001&date= 10.01.2025

5. Shulepov A.A. Podshipnikovaya otrasl’ v RF: tekushchee sostoyanie i perspektivy [Bearing Industry in the Russian Federation: Current State and Prospects]. Innovatsii i investitsii, 2024, no 7, pp. 359–364.

6. Postanovlenie ot 23 marta 2021 g. N 446 “O vnesenii izmeneniy v prilozhenie k postanovleniyu Pravitel’stva Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 17 iyulya 2015 g. N 719” (s izm. i dop.) [Resolution of March 23, 2021 No. 446 “On Amendments to the Appendix to the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 17, 2015 No. 719”]. Garant, available at: ht tps://base.garant.ru/400494581/

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.134-137

The article substantiates a working toolkit for assessing the risks of implementing alternative projects aimed at creation and production of supersonic passenger aircraft in Russia based on the SWOT analysis techniques. The authors propose a methodological approach to formalizing definition of the competition intensity between manufacturers, as well as the degree of suppliers’ and buyers’ influence on them (developing the conceptual provisions of M. Porter’s five forces of competition model) based on the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. Primary matrix is constructed. Contribution of each factor to the overall integral result is calculated using the modified method of analyzing the internal and external environment profiles, proposed by the authors. The main factors of the project’s effectiveness and threats to its successful completion are identified. Preliminary assessment of the potential need of Russian aviation companies for supersonic aircraft designed for passenger transportation in the Far Eastern Federal District is given.

References:

1. Vedmed’ I.Yu. Analiz kolichestvennykh metodov otsenki riskov investitsionnykh proektov: Sb. dokladov XI Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii “Rossiyskie regiony v fokuse peremen”. Ekaterinburg, 17–19 noyabrya 2016 g. [Analysis of Quantitative Methods for Assessing Investment Project Risks: Collection of Papers from the XI International Conference “Russian Regions in the Focus of Change”. Ekaterinburg, November 17–19, 2016]. Ekaterinburg, Izd-vo UMTs UPI, 2016, part 1, pp. 52–61.

2. Koshechkin S.A. Metody kolichestvennogo analiza riskov investitsionnykh proektov [Methods of Quantitative Analysis of Investment Project Risks]. Planovik.Ru, available at: http://planovik.ru/invest/articles/3.htm

3. Trifonov Yu.V., Plekhanova A.F., Yurlov F.F. Vybor effektivnykh resheniy v ekonomike v usloviyakh neopredelennosti [Selecting Effective Solutions in Economics under Conditions of Uncertainty]. N. Novgorod, Izd-vo NNGU, 1998, 140 p.

4. Chetyrkin E.M. Finansovyy analiz proizvodstvennykh investitsiy [Financial Analysis of Production Investments]. Moscow, Delo, 1998, 256 p.

5. Damodaran A. Investitsionnaya otsenka [Investment Valuation]. Moscow, Al’pina Biznes Buks, 2008, 659 p.

6. Kurilova A.A., Polteva T.V. Uchet riska i neopredelennosti pri otsenke effektivnosti investitsionnykh proektov [Taking Into Account Risk and Uncertainty when Assessing the Effectiveness of Investment Projects]. Karel’skiy nauchnyy zhurnal, 2016, no 4(17), pp. 181–184.

7. Rukovodstvo po effektivnosti investitsiy [Investment Performance Guide]. Moscow, Interekspress, YuNIDO (UNIDO), 1998, 387 p.

8. Metodicheskie rekomendatsii po otsenke effektivnosti investitsionnykh proektov [Methodological Recommendations for Assessing the Effectiveness of Investment Projects]. Moscow, Ekonomika, 421 p.

9. Sinyavskiy N. Otsenka biznesa: gipotezy, instrumentariy, prakticheskie resheniya v razlichnykh sferakh deyatel’nosti [Business Valuation: Hypotheses, Tools, Practical Solutions in Various Fields of Activity]. Moscow, Finansy i statistika, 2008, 240 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.70-77

The article dwells on the problems of creating an innovative advanced scientific-technical reserve (STR) in the rocket and space industry, including innovative uncertainty, inadequacy of the federal regulatory framework to regulate the STR development, absence of a customer and a modern motivation system while creating an advanced STR, backwardness of public-private partnership in the rocket and space industry. Possible mechanisms for creating an innovative scientific-technical reserve are proposed.

References: 

1. Bobryshev A.D., Panova E.S. Primenenie sovremennykh upravlencheskikh instrumentov pri vnedrenii novatsiy na promyshlennykh predpriyatiyakh [Application of Modern Management Tools in the Implementation of Innovations in Industrial Enterprises]. Moscow, Berlin, Direkt-Media, 2016, 152 p.

2. Romanov A.A., Shpotya D.A. Bazovyy podkhod k identifikatsii kriticheskikh tekhnologiy: opredelenie vazhneyshikh inzhenernykh kharakteristik izdeliya [A Basic Approach to Identifying Critical Technologies: Determining the Critical Engineering Characteristics of a Product]. Raketno-kosmicheskoe priborostroenie i informatsionnye sistemy, 2016, vol. 3, vyp. 3, pp. 63–75.

3. Burlakov V.V., Pisarenko O.V. Problemy innovatsionnogo razvitiya predpriyatiy raketno-kosmicheskoy promyshlennosti [Problems of Innovative Development of Enterprises of the Rocket and Space Industry]. Nauchnyy vestnik OPK Rossii, 2020, no 4, pp. 53–61.

4. Panov A.D. Singulyarnaya tochka istorii [Singular Point of History]. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’, 2005, no 1, pp. 122–137.

5. Rezhimy s obostreniem: Evolyutsiya idei: Sb. statey [Regimes with Exacerbation: Evolution of the Idea: Collection of Articles]. Pod red. G.G. Malinetskogo, 2-e izd., ispr. i dop. Moscow, Fizmatlit, 2006, 312 p.

6. Ivliev G. Formirovanie natsional’noy programmy razvitiya intellektual’noy sobstvennosti [Formation of a National program for the Development of Intellectual Property]. Rospatent, available at: https://ppt-online.org/356849

7. Ivliev G. Dlya chego povyshat’ rezul’tativnost’ NIOKR [Why Improve R&D Efficiency]. Stimul, 2018, 1 dekabrya, available at: https://stimul.online/viewpoint/dlya-chego-povyshat-rezultativnost-niokr/

8. Ledenev V.V. Integratsiya malykh naukoemkikh firm i krupnykh korporatsiy v ramkakh natsional’noy innovatsionnoy sistemy [Integration of Small Knowledge-intensive Firms and Large Corporations within the Framework of the National Innovation System]. Korporativnoe upravlenie i innovatsionnoe razvitie ekonomiki Severa: Vestnik nauchno-issledovatel’skogo tsentra korporativnogo prava, upravleniya i venchurnogo investirovaniya Syktyvkarskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2011, no 1, pp. 176–182.

9. Pisarenko D. Kto budet liderom? Akademik Marov o tom, kak ne proigrat’ bor’bu za kosmos [Who Will Be the Leader? Academician Marov on How Not to Lose the Fight for Space]. Argumenty i fakty. AIF.ru, 2018, 12 aprelya, available at: https://aif.ru/society/science/kto_budet_liderom_akademik_marov-o-perspektivah_osvoeniya_kosmosa

DOI: 10.33917/es-2.200.2025.62-69

The article examines key features of the economic activity of the Russian military-industrial complex (MIC). At the same time, it is substantiated that terms and concepts used in modern economic theory to characterize the activities of the defence industrial enterprises do not fully reflect the essence of the economic processes taking place in the MIC.

References: 

1. Shcheglov D.K., Pilikov N.A., Timofeev V.I. Kontseptual’nye osnovy tsifrovoy transformatsii organizatsiy oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa [Conceptual Foundations of Digital Transformation of Defense Industry Organizations]. Avtomatizatsiya v promyshlennosti, 2021, no 2, pp. 13–23.

2. Plotnikov V.A., Kharlamov A.V. Rossiyskiy oboronno-promyshlennyy kompleks kak faktor obespecheniya natsional’noy bezopasnosti i ustoychivogo sotsial’noekonomicheskogo razvitiya [The Russian Military-industrial Complex as a Factor in Ensuring National Security and Sustainable Socio-economic Development]. Ekonomika i upravlenie, 2017, no 11, pp. 53–60.

3. Shapoval E.V., Shelest M.V. Oboronno-promyshlennyy kompleks v sovremennoy ekonomike Rossii [The Military-industrial Complex in the Modern Economy of Russia]. Vestnik Gosudarstvennogo universiteta upravleniya, 2015, no 1, pp. 116–122.

4. Ovchinnikova A.V., Matveev V.V. Razvitie oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa Rossii i obespechenie konkurentosposobnosti natsional’noy ekonomiki [Development of the Russian Military-industrial Complex and Ensuring the Competitiveness of the National Economy]. Vestnik Yuzhno-Ural’skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, Seriya: Ekonomika i menedzhment, 2021, no 15(2), pp. 99–105.

5. Kazantsev S.V. Znachenie oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa dlya pod”ema rossiyskoy ekonomiki [The Importance of the Military-Industrial Complex for the Boom of the Russian Economy]. Finansovyy zhurnal, 2014, no 1, pp. 45–52.

6. Shcherbakov G.V. Tochki Laffera, zona fiskal’nykh protivorechiy i stepen’ soglasiya nalogoplatel’shchikov [Laffer Points, the Zone of Fiscal Contradictions and the Degree of Taxpayer Agreement]. Vestnik Rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov, Seriya: Ekonomika, 2019, no 27(1), pp. 49–62.

7. Polozhikhina M.A. Evolyutsiya obshchestva potrebleniya: ot Zhaklin Kennedi do Grety Tunberg [The Evolution of Consumer Society: From Jacqueline Kennedy to Greta Thunberg]. Sotsial’nye novatsii i sotsial’nye nauki, 2020, no 2(2), pp. 7–36.

8. Byatets I.V. Vliyanie riska na pribyl’ predpriyatiya [The Impact of Risk on Enterprise Profits]. Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta, Seriya: Ekonomika i pravo, 2011, no 1, pp. 28–30.

9. Eroshin S.E. Parametricheskiy monitoring predpriyatiy oboronno-promyshlennykh ob”edineniy: Avtoref. dis…. d-ra ekon. nauk: 5.2.3 [Parametric Monitoring of Enterprises of Defense-industrial Associations: Abstract of dis…. Doctor of Economics: 5.2.3]. Moskovskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet. Moscow, 2023, 49 p.

10. Shcheglov D.K., Saybel’ A.G. Formalizovannyy podkhod k prognozirovaniyu srokov i stoimosti razrabotki voenno-tekhnicheskikh system [A Formalized Approach to Forecasting the Timing and Cost of Developing Military-technical Systems]. Oboronnyy kompleks — nauchno-tekhnicheskomu progressu Rossii, 2022, no 3(155), pp. 33–44.