DOI: 10.33917/es-6.204.2025.116-125

The article examines previously unknown journalistic and scientific works by Nikolai Kondratiev, a student at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University, which he published soon after the beginning of the First World War in “Vechernee Zveno” newspaper and the “New Ideas in Economics” scientific journal. Already in 1914 in his student works he showed a clear interest in economic issues, and with his article “Basic Teachings on the Laws of Social Life Development,” concerning the laws of social life development, he declared himself as a serious scientist. Nikolai Kondratiev’s journalism is valuable in that namely in his articles he took the first steps toward developing his theory of large economic cycles, which later on became known as “Kondratiev cycles”. Over the years, this theory has gained recognition worldwide and became a significant contribution of the Russian scientist both to economic science and to understanding the laws of social development. His collaboration with “Vechernee Zveno” newspaper and his work in the editorial board of the “New Ideas in Economics” journal largely determined his choice in favour of economic science as a field of his future professional activity.

References:

1. Kondrat’ev N.D. Suzdal’skie pis’ma [Suzdal Letters]. Moscow, Ekonomika, 2004, 879 p.

2. Lomonosova M.V. Sotsiologicheskaya publitsistika v Rossii: stranitsy istorii i sovremennost’ [Sociological Journalism in Russia: Pages of History and Present]. Nasledie, 2015, no 1(6), pp. 104–119.

3. Lomonosova M.V. Neizvestnye stat’i Nikolaya Kondrat’eva 1914 goda na stranitsakh petrogradskoy gazety “Vechernee zveno” [Unknown Articles by Nikolai Kondratyev in 1914 on the Pages of the Petrograd Newspaper “Evening Link”]. Nasledie, 2024, no 1(24), pp. 150–154.

4. Kondrat’ev N.D. Voyna i vneshnyaya torgovlya Avstro-Germanii [War and Foreign Trade of Austria-Germany]. Vechernee zveno, 1914, no 24 (13 sentyabrya), p. 2.

5. Kondrat’ev N.D. Militarizm prezhde i teper’ [Militarism Then and Now]. Vechernee zveno, 1914, no 29 (18 sentyabrya), p. 3.

6. Kondrat’ev N.D. Rossiya i Yaponiya [Russia and Japan]. Vechernee zveno, 1914, no 32 (21 sentyabrya), p. 1.

7. Kondrat’ev N.D. Stat’i 1914 g. [Articles of 1914]. Nasledie, 2024, no 1(24), pp. 155–161.

8. Sombart W. Krieg und Kapitalismus. München und Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, 1913.

9. Sorokin P.A. Dolgiy put’. Avtobiograficheskiy roman [A Long Way. Autobiographical Novel]. Syktyvkar, SZh Komi, MP “Shypas”, 1991, 304 p.

10. Kondrat’ev N.D. Razvitie khozyaystva Kineshemskogo zemstva Kostromskoy gubernii: sotsial’no-ekonomicheskiy i finansovyy ocherk [Development of the Economy of the Kineshemsky Zemstvo of the Kostroma Province: a Socio-Economic and Financial Essay]. Kineshma, Zemskaya tipografiya, 1915, 446 p.

11. Sukhikh V.V. Ekonomicheskie i politicheskie vzglyady N.D. Kondrat’eva v 1913–1915 gg. (po ego knige “Razvitie khozyaystva Kineshemskogo zemstva Kostromskoy gubernii”) [Kondratiev’s Economic and Political Views in 1913–1915 (According to His Book “The Development of the Economy of the Kineshma Zemstvo of the Kostroma Province”)]. AlterEconomics, 2022, vol. 19, no 1, pp. 40–50, DOI: https://doi.org/10.31063/AlterEconomics/2022.19-1.3

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.122-129

Based on archival primary sources, first of all – Soviet intelligence documents from the personal archive of I.V. Stalin, the article proves an important postulate. Behind the collapse of Paris and Moscow’s attempts to create a European system of collective security, known in foreign historiography as the “Eastern Pact,” among other things, was hidden the secret activities of Poland, Germany and Japan aimed at unleashing war against the USSR in 1935. To prevent the threat of war in May 1935 the Soviet leadership created a small collective security system, consisting of France, the USSR and Czechoslovakia – an international legal mechanism that prevented the outbreak of anti-Soviet intervention at the end of that year.

References:

1. Mackinder H.J. Democratic Ideals and Reality. A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction. London, Constable and Company Ltd, 1919, 273 p.

2. Dostoevskiy F.M. Polnoe sobranie sochineniy [Complete Set of Works]. Vol. XXVI. Leningrad, Nauka, 1984, 520 p.

3. Ovsyanyy I.D. Tayna, v kotoroy voyna rozhdalas’ [The Mystery in which the War was Born]. Moscow, 1971, 319 p.

4. Sipols V.Ya. Sovetskiy Soyuz v bor’be za mir i bezopasnost’. 1933–1939 [The Soviet Union in the Struggle for Peace and Security. 1933–1939]. Moscow, 1974, 427 p.

5. Istoriya diplomatii [History of Diplomacy]. Pod red. akad. V.P. Potemkina. Vol. III. Moscow, 1945, 884 p.

6. Rak K. Polska — niespełniony sojusznik Hitlera. Warszawa: Bellona, 2019. 500 s.

7. Jeziorny D. To Avoid Incurring All Uncertain and Ill-Defined Responsibilities. Poland and the Eastern Pact of Mutual Assistance (1934–1935). The International History Review, 2024, 1–17, Published Online: 2024-10-22, available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2024.2418575

8. Dokumenty vneshney politiki SSSR [Documents of the USSR Foreign Policy]. Pred. komis. po izdaniyu diplomatich. dokumentov A.A. Gromyko. Vol. XVI. Moscow, Politizdat, 1970, 920 p.

9. Dokladnaya zapiska narkoma po inostrannym delam SSSR M.M. Litvinova I.V. Stalinu po voprosu o zaklyuchenii Vostochnogo pakta s prilozheniem proekta zayavleniya NKID SSSR ministru inostrannykh del Frantsii P. Lavalyu. 17.02.1935 [Report of the People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR M.M. Litvinov to I.V. Stalin on the Issue of Concluding the Eastern Pact with the Attachment of a Draft Statement of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the USSR to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of France P. Laval. 17.02.1935]. RGVA. F. 33987. Op. 3a. D. 760. L. 5–9.

10. Sistemnaya istoriya mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniy. 1918–2000 [Systemic History of International Relations. 1918–2000]. Vol. 2. Moscow, 2000, 243 p.

11. Myunkhenskoe soglashenie 1938 goda: istoriya i sovremennost’: Materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii. Moskva, 15–16 oktyabrya 2008 g. [The Munich Agreement of 1938: History and Modernity: Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. Moscow, October 15–16, 2008.]. IVI RAN. Moscow, 2009, 420 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-5.203.2025.130-137

The article presents the social role of education in the modern world. The author investigates biblical Gnosis of «ground» education which opposes global “road”, pragmatic and narrowly traditional education. The author investigates Aristotelian paradigm of free education forming subjects who can not only use thoughts, but also be able to create them. The author investigates the holistic picture of education created by A.S. Pushkin. The poet singled out the Secret Gnosis through which the educational work of eternity is carried out. Its subjects, creators and products are geniuses and talents that create semantic matter for reason, consciousness, will and fantasy. There is Gnosis that oversees public education designed to educate, rear Russian citizens, nurture teachers, state, military and people’s figures. This folk gnosis should be based on comprehensive education since even the highest truth without education can become an instrument of crime. The modern world of Russia and mankind puts an ultimatum: the central and leading figure of social evolution should be the Teacher and not a politician, not a military, not a technocrat, not an administrator.

References:

1. Lenin V.I. O vospitanii i obrazovanii [About Upbringing and Education]. Moscow, Prosveshchenie, 1973.

2. Aristotel’. Soch. [Works]. V 4 t. T. 4. Moscow, Mysl’, 1984.

3. Pushkin A.S. Poln. sobr. soch. [Complete Works.]. V 10 t. T. 7. Leningrad, Nauka, Leningr. otd-nie, 1958.

4. Ermakov A. Pushkin v roli ministra obrazovaniya [Pushkin as Minister of Education]. Pravoslavie.Ru, 2011, 11 fevralya, available at: https://pravoslavie.ru/44697.html

5. Moiseev N.N. Trudy po voprosam sovremennogo obrazovaniya [Works on Issues of Modern Education]. Moscow, Akademiya MNEPU, 2012.

6. Shulevskiy N.B., Zotova E.S. Shkola i obrazovanie — memorial’naya ontologiya Rossii [School and Education are the Memorial Ontology of Russia.]. Filosofiya khozyaystva, 2022, no 4, pp. 55–63.

DOI: 10.33917/es-6.198.2024.124-129

The article dwells on theoretical foundations and practical approaches to the creation of optimal quality indicators of technical vision in the scientific works of Professor I.L. Geykhman. Currently, technical vision systems (TVS) based on optical-electronic devices (OED) operating in conditions of low illumination of objects and facilities are becoming increasingly widespread. These TVS are intended to solve global problems of science and technology. Interest in the topic under consideration is related to the relevance of solving the problem of increasing labour productivity, as well as the need to prevent injuries during underground and open-pit mining, identifying modern capabilities and prospects for production automation based on technical vision tools.

References:

1. Belozerov A.F. Optika Rossii. Ocherki istorii i razvitiya [Optics of Russia. Essays on History and Development]. Kazan’, Tsentr innovatsionnykh tekhnologiy, 2012, vol. 1, 604 p.; 2013, vol. 2, 612 p.

2. Bakhrakh A.M. Iz istorii opticheskogo priborostroeniya. Ocherki [From the History of Optical Instrumentation. Essays]. Vol. 1. Moscow, GNTI mashinostroitel’noy literatury, 1951, 222 p.

3. Perepisnaya kniga goroda Moskvy 1638 goda [Census Books of Moscow. 1638]. Moscow, 1881.

4. Chenakal V.L. Optika v dorevolyutsionnoy Rossii: Trudy Instituta Istorii estestvoznaniya [Optics in Pre-revolutionary Russia. Proceedings of the IIET]. Vol. 1. Moscow, AN SSSR, 1947, 536 p.

5. Kornitskoy I.P. V izd.: Otechestvennyy voenno-promyshlennyy kompleks i ego istoricheskoe razvitie [In the scientific publication: “The Domestic Militaryindustrial Complex and Its Historical Development]. Pod red. O.D. Baklanova, O.K. Rogozina. Moscow, Ladoga-100, 2005, 752 p.

6. Geykhman I.L. Nauchnye ocnovy sozdaniya tekhnicheskogo videniya dlya gornykh rabot [Scientific Foundations of Creating a Technical Vision for Mining]. Moscow, Nauka, 1989, 151 p.

7. Geykhman I.L., Gvozdev S.M., Romanov S.S. O vidimosti izobrazheniy pri ispol’zovanii shakhtnykh sistem vizualizatsii [On the Visibility of Images When Using Mine Imaging Systems]. Svetotekhnika, 1988, no 4, pp. 6–8.

8. Geykhman I.L., Volkov V.G. Osnovy uluchsheniya vidimosti v slozhnykh usloviyakh [Fundamentals of Improving Visibility in Difficult Conditions]. Moscow, Nedra-Biznestsentr, 1999, 286 p.

9. Geykhman I.L. Povyshenie effektivnosti raboty gornykh mashin sredstvami tekhnicheskogo videniya [Improving the Efficiency of Mining Machines by Means of Technical Vision]. Moscow, Izd-vo IGD im. Skochinskogo, 1993.

10. Geykhman I.L. Metodika sozdaniya shakhtnykh videokontrol’nykh ustroystv [Methods of Creating Mine Video Monitoring Devices]. Moscow, Izd-vo IGD im. Skochinskogo, 1988, 82 p.

11. Orlov V.A., Petrov V.I. Pribory nablyudeniya noch’yu pri ogranichennoy vidimosti [Night Observation Devices with Limited Visibility]. Moscow, Voenizdat, 1989, 256 p.

DOI: 10.33917/es-6.198.2024.118-123

In the first half of the 2020s the process of forming a new world order has turned around. “Western democracies” are afraid of critical reduction in their positions and influence; they have chosen the strategy of “curbing” the leading “rising” powers of the non-West (Russia, China, Iran). Success in each confrontation is possible only through the competent use of correctly calculated forces and resources (both one’s own and those of the partners) with the aim of exhausting the opponent. The article examines such capabilities of the USA and Great Britain, using their approach to the “game of reserves” in the use of armed forces as an example. It emphasizes the rich historical experience of Great Britain as the center of a huge colonial empire and the USA as a key country in the vast community of “Western democracies”.

References:

1. Chekmarev G.F. Voennaya strategiya v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne: Istoriya voennoy strategii Rossii [Military Strategy in the Great Patriotic War: History of Russian Military Strategy]. Institut voennoy istorii Ministerstva oborony RF; Pod red. general-mayora V.A. Zolotareva. Moscow, Kuchkovo pole, Poligrafresursy, 2000, pp. 255–376.

2. Vtoraya mirovaya voyna. Itogi i uroki [World War II: Results and Lessons]. Moscow, Voennoe izdatel’stvo, 1985, 447 p.

3. Die Bundeswehr im Kalten Krieg. Bundeswehr, 2014, available at: https://www.bundeswehr.de/de/ueber-die-bundeswehr/geschichte-bundeswehr/kalter-krieg

4. New NATO Force Model. NATO, 2022, available at: https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2022/6/pdf/220629-infographic-new-nato-forcemodel.pdf

5. Biscop S. The New Force Model: NATO’s European Army? Egmont Policy Brief, 2022, no 285, 6 p.

6. NATO’s military presence in the east of the Alliance. NATO, 2023, available at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_136388.htm

7. Statement of general Christopher G. Cavoli, United States Army. United States European Command. US DoD, 2023, April 26, available at: https://

armedservices.house.gov/sites/republicans.armedservices.house.gov/files/04.26.23%20Cavoli%20Statement%20v2.pdf

8. Military Presence. U.S. Personnel in NATO Europe. GAO/NSIAD-90-04. Washington, US General Accounting Office, 1990, 108 p.

9. “Ukraina — eto tol’ko nachalo”: SShA otpravlyayut voyska v Evropu. Chem otvetit Rossiya na usilenie boevoy moshchi NATO? Lenta.ru, 2023, 27 noyabrya, available at: https://lenta.ru/articles/2023/11/27/us_presence/

10. Atlas ofitsera. GSh VS SSSR [Atlas of the Officer. General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces]. Moscow, Voenno-topograficheskoe upravlenie General’nogo shtaba, 1974, 396 p.