DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.60-69

Creation of a digital international trading platform aimed at efficient settlements between companies of the BRICS countries is a key stage in developing the global economic interaction. The new BRICS Development Bank, being the holder of its own blockchain technology, becomes the central institution of this innovation era, ensuring transparency and ef ficiency in international settlements. The blockchain-based crypto wallet system provides security and efficiency for the BRICS companies conducting trade operations with foreign counterparties. The platform offers a unique settlement mechanism in BRICSCoin, backed up by strict regulatory and audit measures to ensure compliance with financial securit y standards. This initiative not only facilitates efficient international settlements, but also sets up a new standard for secure and innovative trading practices in the global economy.

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.50-59

The author draws attention to the fact that many international organizations consider it necessary to abandon the term “developing countries.” Reason for this is because countries outside the developed world do not represent a homogeneous group. The number of former developing countries that managed to enter in the group of developed countries is extremely small. The article examines the development factors that contribute to such transition, as well as two approaches to sustainable development: resilience and sustainability. The author states that there is no rational recipe for national success, and successful development is more a matter of art than rational knowledge. He also examines six country cases — the most successful developing countries according to the World Bank. In the end, the author comes to conclusion that modern technological progress makes building a model of the developing world’s future very difficult.

References:

1. Time to stop referring to the “developing world”. World Bank Blogs, January 23, 2024, available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/time-stopreferring-developing-world

2. Is the term ‘developing world’ outdated? World Economic Forum, Nov 19, 2015, available at: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/11/is-the-termdeveloping-world-outdated/

3. Developing country: an outdated term in The Lancet. The Lancet, Sept 14, 2019, available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31098-0/fulltext

4. Oscar Abraham Raya López. How are countries classified according to their level of development? Mexican Center for International Relations, June 24, 2022, available at: https://cemeri.org/ru/enciclopedia/e-clasificacion-nivel-desarrollo-paises-fv

5. Spisok naimenee razvitykh stran [List of Least Developed Countries]. OON, available at: ht tps://www.un.org/ru/development/ldc/list.shtml

6. Top Five Fastest-Growing Economies in 2024. Euromonitor International, October 6, 2024, available at: https://www.euromonitor.com/article/top-fivefastest-growing-economies-in-2024#:~:text=Out%20of%20the%20world’s%2062,%2C%20Vietnam%2C%20Indonesia%20and%20China

7. Three hundred years of applied sustainability in forestry, available at: https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/154087/1/eth-7348-01.pdf

8. The overall performance of all 193 UN Member States. SDR, available at: https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/rankings

9. The turbulent world of resilience: interpretations and themes for transdisciplinary dialogue. Springer Nature Link, available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-018-2358-0

10. ZOE, the Institute for Future-Fit Economies [Website]. ZOE, available at: https://zoe-institut.de/en/home-2/

11. The Economic Resilience Index, available at: https://zoe-institut.de/wpcontent/uploads/2023/09/Economic_Resilience_Index_Final-1.pdf

12. Knuth K. The term “resilience” is everywhere — but what does it really mean. Ensia, available at: https://ensia.com/articles/what-is-resilience/

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.38-49

Spanish political mentality is a historically determined, multidimensional and systemic result of a long multi-ethnic and transcivilizational process. To study it, a methodological concept of imprinting was used, which was firstly substantiated within the framework of the present study. The article formulates the concept of the imprinting-suggestion phenomenon, the basic structural elements of which are represented primarily by epochal political events, as well as great cultural figures and outstanding governors. Taking into account these invariant predictors, critical periods in the history of Spain that influenced the course of its political mentalization are discussed. Based on methodological potential of the imprinting concept, its root sources — romanization and christianization — are revealed. The article examines the evolution specifics of polymentality in Moorish Spain, emergence of Spanish Catholicism and significance of the Reconquista in forming the foundations of the Spanish mentality. These and other key moments in the history of the Kingdom of Spain from this perspective are still awaiting their researchers. The final section provides an analytical review of the philosophical and theological principles of the Spanish political mentality.

References:

[1-32] See in No. 3/2025. p. 21.

33. Simon G. Voyny Rima v Ispanii. 154–133 gg. do n.e. [Rome’s Wars in Spain. 154–133 BC]. Saint Petersburg, 2008.

34. Losev A.F., Chistyakova N.A., Boroday T.Yu., et al. Antichnost’ kak tip kul’tury [Antiquity as a Type of Culture]. Moscow, Nauka, 1988.

35. Rüpke J. (Edit.). A Companion to Roman Religion. Wiley-Blackwell, 2007.

36. Kyumon F. Vostochnye religii v rimskom yazychestve [Eastern Religions in Roman Paganism]. Saint Petersburg, Evraziya, 2002.

37. Shayd Dzh. Religiya rimlyan [Religion of the Romans]. Moscow, 2006, p. 32.

38. Dzhons A.Χ. Gibel’ antichnogo mira [The Death of the Ancient World]. Rostov n/D, Feniks, 1997.

39. Ortega-i-Gasset Kh. Izbrannye trudy [Selected Works]. 2-e izd. Moscow, Ves’ mir, 2000, pp. 330, 331.

40. Badian Е. Roman Imperialism of the Late Republic. Oxford, 1968, p. 5.

41. Yakovleva L.E. Problema natsional’noy identichnosti v ispanskoy filosofii XX veka [The Problem of National Identity in Spanish Philosophy of the Twentieth Century], available at: https://conf.esp-centr.sfedu.ru/materials/995/yakovleva.pdf

42. Klaude D. Istoriya vestgotov [Geschichte der Westgoten]. Saint Petersburg, Evraziya, 2003.

43. Dzhon F. Mak-Artur. Tolkovanie knig Novogo Zaveta. 1-e Poslanie k Timofeyu [Interpretation of the Books of the New Testament. 1st Epistle to Timothy]. Moscow, Slavyanskoe Evangel’skoe Obshchestvo, 2002, p. 9.

44. Deko A. Apostol Pavel [Apostle Paul]. Moscow, Molodaya gvardiya, 2005, p. 56.

45. Cardaillac L. Santiago apóstol: el santo de los dos mundos. El Colegio de Jalisco, 2002.

46. Berdyaev N.A. Dukh i real’nost’ [Spirit and Reality]. Moscow, AST, Astrel’, 2011, p. 10.

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.202.2025.18-29

The crisis of organizational technologies in Russian science and technology, accumulated over the post-Soviet period, was clearly manifested in the SVO conditions. Unacceptably slow and unsystematic increase in the production of new high-tech defence products has raised the question of the cost at which we will be winning the future war with NATO or their European or Asian counterparts, imposed on us (si vis pacem, para bellum). It became clear that the key to future victory is in organizational solution of cognitive paradigms in the technical sphere.

References:

1. Ageev A.I. Rol’ sanktsiy, konfliktov i spetsoperatsiy: razmyshleniya o budushchem. Chast’ 2 [The Role of Sanctions, Conflicts and Special Operations: Reflections on the Future. Part 2]. Nauchnyy vestnik oboronno-promyshlennogo kompleksa Rossii, 2024, no 1, pp. 33–42.

2. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Spetsial’naya voennaya operatsiya kak strategicheskaya tekhnologiya vybora budushchego Rossii i mira [Special Military Operation as a Strategic Technology for Choosing the Future of Russia and the World]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, vol. 25, no 5(191), pp. 6–21, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-5.191.2023.6-21

3. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Strategicheskaya predopredelennost’ spetsial’nykh voennykh operatsiy v mirovoy supersisteme [Strategic Predetermination of Special Military Operations in the World Supersystem]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, vol. 25, no 4(190), pp. 6–19, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-4.190.2023.6-19

4. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Metody mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-tekhnicheskoy razvedki po otkrytym istochnikam [Methods of International Scientific-technical Reconnaissance based on Open Sources]. Mikroekonomika, 2025, no 1, pp. 14–17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/mic-1.120.2025.14-17

5. Makarov V.L., Ageev A.I., Zelenskiy V.A., Loginov E.L. Sistemnye osnovy resheniya upravlencheskikh zadach vzaimodeystviya fundamental’noy i prikladnoy nauki s proizvodstvennym sektorom kak osnovnoy faktor novoy industrializatsii Rossii [System Foundations of solving Managerial Problems of Interaction Between Fundamental and Applied science and Manufacturing sector as the Main Factor of Russia’s New Industrialization]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2013, vol. 15, no 2(110), pp. 108–117.

6. Ageev A.I., Bakhtizin A.R., Makarov V.L., Loginov E.L., Khabriev B.R. Ekonomicheskiy fundament pobedy: strategicheskiy prognoz ustoychivosti ekonomiki Rossii v usloviyakh sanktsionnykh atak [Economic Foundation of Victory: a Strategic Forecast for the Russian Economy Stability in the Face of Sanctions]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, vol. 25, no 3(189), pp. 6–15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.189.2023.6-15

7. Ageev A.I., Loginov E.L. Opyt voenno-grazhdanskogo sliyaniya v SShA i Kitae: nuzhen novyy organizatsionno-strategicheskiy inzhiniring v rossiyskikh oboronnykh i grazhdanskikh otraslyakh [Experience of Military- civilian Merger in the USA and China: New Organizational and Strategic Engineering is Needed in the Russian Defence and Civilian Industries]. Mikroekonomika, 2024, no 4, pp. 5–17, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/mic-4.117.2024.5-17

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.34-41

The problem of food security is relevant for all regions of the world. Southeast Asia shows positive dynamics in key indicators of food security. However, systemic problems in the region’s agricultural complex still pose risks in terms of food availability for the whole population. Essential role in addressing this issue is played by international organizations and associations, primarily FAO and ASEAN.

References:

1. Revenko L.S. Parametry i riski prodovol’stvennoy bezopasnosti [Food Security Parameters and Risks]. Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, 2015, no 2, pp. 6–20.

2. Komitet po vsemirnoy prodovol’stvennoy bezopasnosti. Terminy i terminologiya [Committee on World Food Security. Terms and Terminology]. FAO OON, available at: http://www.fao.org/3/MD776R/MD776R.pdf

3. Polozhenie del v oblasti prodovol’stvennoy bezopasnosti i pitaniya v mire — 2024. Preobrazovanie prodovol’stvennykh sistem dlya obespecheniya finansovoy dostupnosti zdorovogo pitaniya [The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024: Transforming Food Systems to Ensure Affordability of Healthy Diets]. FAO, MFSR, YuNISEF, VPP i VOZ. Rim, 2024, 286 p.

4. Revenko L.S., Soldatenkova O.I., Revenko N.S. Global’naya prodovol’stvennaya problema: novye vyzovy dlya mira i Rossii [Global Food Problem: New Challenges for the World and Russia]. Ekonomika. Nalogi. Pravo, 2022, vol. 15, pp. 54–65.

5. Deryugina I.V. Prodovol’stvennaya bezopasnost’ v stranakh Yugo-Vostochnoy Azii [Food Security in Southeast Asian Countries]. Yugo-Vostochnaya Aziya: aktual’nye problemy razvitiya, 2019, no 2, pp. 82–93.

6. Burova E.S. Agrarnyy sektor V’etnama na pereput’e dorog: dostizheniya, problemy i perspektivy [Vietnam’s Agricultural Sector at a Crossroads: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects]. Nezavisimyy V’etnam: natsional’nye interesy i tsennosti, 2021, pp. 100–115.

7. Regional’naya konferentsiya FAO dlya Azii i Tikhogo okeana [FAO Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific]. FAO OON, available at: https:// openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/447485fe-232c-4506-9a31-42b17be0f357/content

8. Doklad o rabote tridtsat’ sed’moy sessii Regional’noy konferentsii dlya Azii i Tikhogo okeana [Report of the Thirty-seventh Session of the Regional Conference for Asia and the Pacific]. FAO OON, available at: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/35db5339-13b0-44c3-9e21- 81bf9faf4de6/content

9. Laborde D., Torero M. Modeling actions for transforming agrifood systems. In: J. von Braun, K. Afsana, L.O. Fresco & M.H.A. Hassan, eds. Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation. Cham, Switzerland, Springer International Publishing. 2023. P. 105–132. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3- 031-15703-5_7

10. Desker B., Caballero-Anthony M., Teng P. Thought/issues paper on ASEAN food security: Towards a more comprehensive framework. ERIA Discussion Paper Series, available at: https://www.eria.org/ERIA-DP-2013-20.pdf

DOI: 10.33917/es-3.201.2025.22-33

The growing problems in managing export commodity flows associated with sanctions pressure and global market changes require active use of modern adaptive approaches to coordinating all participants in the commodity movement processes. The authors try to analyze the magnitude of tasks at the level of trade and transport interaction of the BRICS countries and distinguish the White Sea transport system as a nucleus for organizing alternative transport routes and their development based on the construction of modern multi-agent systems. The White Sea transport system will open up new opportunities for increasing competitiveness of the Russian economy and its mobility, taking into account all existing restrictions of geographical, economic and technological nature.

References:

1.Lyakhnitskiy V.E. Izyskaniya v ust’yakh r. Severnoy Dviny, proizvedennye v 1915–1916 godakh dlya sostavleniya proekta avanporta u gor. Arkhangel’ska: Trudy otdela torgovykh portov [Surveys at the Mouths of the Northern Dvina River, Conducted in 1915–1916 to Draw up a Project for an outer Harbor Near the City of Arkhangelsk: Works of the Department of Commercial Ports.]. Vyp. XLIX. Ministerstvo torgovli i promyshlennosti. Petrograd, Tipografiya M-va put. soobshch. (t-va I.N. Kushnerev i K°), 1916, p. 22.

2. Perechen’ porucheniy po itogam rabochey poezdki v Arkhangel’skuyu oblast’ 11 dekabrya 2023 g. [List of Instructions Following the Working Trip to the Arkhangelsk Region on December 11, 2023]. Ofitsial’nyy sayt Prezidenta RF, available at: http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/assignments/orders/73379

3. Sovmestnaya deklaratsiya 14-y vstrechi ministrov sel’skogo khozyaystva stran BRIKS. 28 iyunya 2024 g. [Joint Declaration of the 14th BRICS Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting. 28 June 2024], available at: https://cdn.brics-russia2024.ru/upload/docs/

4. Strategiya ekonomicheskogo partnerstva BRIKS do 2025 g. [BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy until 2025], available at: https://www.economy.gov. ru/material/file/636aa3edbc0dcc2356ebb6f8d594ccb0/114813.pdf

5. Narushena morskaya torgovlya: Voyna na Ukraine i ee vliyanie na logistiku morskoy torgovli [Maritime Trade Disrupted: The War in Ukraine and Its Effects on Maritime Trade Logistics]. UNCTAD, available at: https://unctad.org/ukraine-in-focus/maritime-trade-disrupted

6. Kratkoe rukovodstvo po znaniyam “Odin poyas — odin put’”: Osnovnye punkty znaniy [Belt and Road Initiative Quick Guide: Key Knowledge Points]. Kitayskaya set’ “Odin poyas i odin put’”, available at: https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/p/86670.html

7. Ishekenova B. U Kazakhstana i Kitaya poyavitsya novaya zheleznaya doroga [Elektronnyy resurs]. LSM.kz, 2023, 6 iyunya, available at: https://lsm.kz/ kazahstan-i-kitaj-svyazhet-novaya-zheleznaya-doroga-podrobnosti

8. Boldachev A.V. Sobytiynaya ontologiya vs ob”ektnaya [Event-based Ontology vs. Object-based Ontology]. Khabr, 2022, 21 dekabrya, available at: https:// habr.com/ru/articles/706916/