DOI: 10.33917/mic-6.125.2025.97-113

This article uses econometric modeling methods to examine a set of topological factors encompassing various mechanisms of the socio-economic system’s functioning. Correlation and regression analysis are used to determine linear relationships and establish the level of objective significance of factors influencing the formation of an active field of social protest in society. A set of econometric forecasting models has been developed, using the characteristics of scenario criteria for the socio-economic and political development of the state as exogenous variables influencing the degree of social protest in society. Three scenarios have been calculated based on these models: the baseline (the most probable), an optimistic scenario, and a pessimistic scenario. From an economic security perspective, the results obtained have been used to formulate a short-term forecast that reflects the dynamics of protest activity in the Russian Federation from 2022 to 2026 inclusive. Furthermore, at the final stage of the experiment, threshold values were determined for all the factors under study. This, combined with the proposed economic and mathematical method, provides a set of tools for making management decisions in the face of growing social tension.

References:

1. Alekseenok A.A., Baranochnikov V.A. The Influence of the Middle Class on the Level of Social Tension in Modern Society. Tula State University News. Humanities. 2012. No. 1-1. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-srednego-klassa-na-uroven-sotsialnoy-napryazhennosti-v-sovremennom-obschestve

2. Baranova G.V. A Model for Assessing Protest Forms of Socio-Political Activity. Theories and Problems of Political Research. 2016;4:97–108.

3. Beshlyk V.E., Svetlakov A.G. The Concept of «Justice» as an Element of the Economic Security System. Competitiveness in the Global World: Economics, Science, and Technology. 2022;11:217–223.

4. Gross National Income (million rubles, annual indicator value). EMISS State Statistics. URL: https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/30947

5. Gross National Income per capita in countries of the world. URL: https://svspb.net/danmark/vnd-stran-na-dushu-naselenija.php

6. Total registered crimes in the Russian Federation. Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation. Legal Statistics Portal. URL: http://crimestat.ru/offenses_table

7. Bank of Russia Roadmap for the Development of Financing for Small and Medium-Sized Businesses. URL: https://cbr.ru/Content/Document/File/144001/Road_Map_development_2023-24.pdf

8. Housing in Russia. Federal State Statistics Service. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Jil_hoz_2022.pdf

9. Healthcare in Russia. Federal State Statistics Service. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13218

10. Corruption Perceptions Index. URL: https://transparency.org.ru/search/

11. Quality of Life Index by Country. Numbeo. URL: https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp?

12. Consumer Price Indices in the Russian Federation in 1991–2022. Federal State Statistics Service. Federal State Statistics Service. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/ind_potreb_cen_05.html

DOI: 10.33917/mic-6.125.2025.88-96

The problems of cartel agreements in the public procurement system are analyzed. The causes of cartel collusion and their impact on the economic security of the state are investigated. The system of factors determining the cartel agreement is presented, the author’s definition of the concept of cartel agreement is given.

References:

1. Official website of the Unified Information System in the Sphere of Procurement. URL: https://zakupki.gov.ru/epz/main/public/home.html

2. Official website of the Federal Antimonopoly Service. URL: https://fas.gov.ru/news/33767

3. Puzyrevsky S.A. Competition Law of Russia: Textbook. Moscow: Prospect, 2021. 640 p.

4. Kinev A.Yu. Cartels and Other Anticompetitive Agreements. Moscow; Berlin: Infotropic Media, 2011. 352 p.

5. Raizberg B.A. Modern Socioeconomic Dictionary. SPb: INFRA-M, 2009. 209 p.

6. Marshall R.C., & Marx L.M. The economics of collision: Cartels and bidding rings, Mit Press, 2012. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227458370

7. Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, 10 November 1997, pp. 1–144. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/ams/sign

DOI: 10.33917/mic-5.124.2025.86-93

The article examines the historical stages of the development of ideology in Russia, starting with the Christianization of Ancient Rus’ and ending with the formation of the modern state ideological model. Attention is paid to the role of religion, political concepts, foreign policy and economic factors in the formation of national identity. The work analyzes ideological concepts of different eras, reveals their continuity and transformations.

References:

1. Klyuchevsky V.O. Course in Russian History. Moscow: Mysl’, 2020. – 1153 p.

2. Kuznetsov V.N. Ideology of Russia’s Development. Moscow: Kniga i biznes, 2010. – 498 p.

3. Soloviev S.M. History of Russia from Ancient Times. St. Petersburg: Nauka, 2018. – 786 p.

4. Ilyin I.A. Essence and Uniqueness of Russian Culture. Moscow: Russkaya kniga – 21st Century, 2007. – 462 p.

5. Zhukotskaya A.V. Problemy Ideologii (Socio-Philosophical Analysis). Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Philosophy) Dissertation – 09.00.11. Moscow: Moscow State Pedagogical University, 2018. – 42 p. URL: http://irbis.gnpbu.ru/Aref_1998/Jukotskaya_A_V_1998.pdf

6. Chernikov M.V. About ideology Lessons of Marxism. Free thought. 2021. No. 1. pp. 21-27. URL: http://www.svom.info/entry/967-ob-ideoloii-uroki-marksizma/

7. National ideology of Russia. Project. M.: Pero Publishing House, 2023. – 64 p. URL: https://storage.strategy24.ru/files/project/202305/13575df9a6c33a69d94a1a558be135c9.pdf

8. Gulyga A.V. Russian idea and its creators. Moscow: EKSMO, 2003. – 448 p.

9. Kuznetsov V.N. Russian Ideology 21: An Experience of Sociological Research into the Formation of Russian Ideology of the 21st Century. Moscow: 2004. – 551 p.

10. Gobozov I.A. State and National Identity: Globalization or Internationalization? Moscow: Lenand, 2019. – 200 p.

11. Kuznetsov V.N. Sociology of Ideology: A Textbook. Moscow: University Book House, 2009. – 380 p.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.123.2025.106-110

There are currently many problems in forestry, including deep-rooted problems in the form of illegal logging, corruption in the division of forest resources and the growth of organized crime. Regions where logging is almost the only source of livelihood for the population are particularly susceptible to these problems. The perception of forest resources as simple raw materials that bring quick profits, rather than as a valuable ecosystem that creates a climate balance, leads to negative consequences leading to the depletion of national wealth. The existing methods of assessing the level of the shadow economy of forestry cannot provide a comprehensive picture, as well as determine the indicators that most affect latent crimes in the field of forestry. The authors propose a methodology for determining the shadow economy of forestry, followed by strategic measures to improve the economic security of forestry.

References:

1. Brief edition of «Russkaya Pravda». Russian legislation of the 10th-20th centuries. Vol. 1. Moscow, 1984.  p. 38.

2. Kuramshin V.Ya. Brief history of forestry in Russia. Forest Bulletin. 2019;2:50-52.

3. Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 13.06.1996 No. 63-FZ (as amended on 27.12.2019). URL: https://base.garant.ru/10108000/

4. Forest Code of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2006 No. 200-FZ (as amended on 04.08.2023 Federal Law No. 486). URL: https://base.garant.ru/12150845/

5. Konstantinov A.V. Subject – object structure of economic security in the forestry sector of the economy. Socio-economic phenomena and processes. 2025;10(5):30-35.

6. Myasnikov D.A. Tools and methods for determining the scale of the shadow economy in the forestry complex: Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Econ.) Dissertation. Irkutsk, 2009. 23 p.

7. Tolpyshev G.V. Economic formats for identifying latent crimes in the activities of forestry organizations. Abstract of Cand. Sci. (Econ.) Dissertation. Perm, 2020. 23 p.

8. Pinaev I.Yu., Svetlakov A.G. Methodological approaches to determining the level of the shadow economy in forestry. Microeconomics. 2025;1(120):86-91.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.121.2025.47-56

The article examines the historical features of the development of censorship as a system of restrictions and an element of ensuring socio-economic security. The mechanisms of censorship in different epochs of the formation of the world are analyzed. The ways of solving problems in the information environment using technologies in the modern world are outlined.

References:

1. Censorship. The Great Russian Encyclopedia. URL: https://old.bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/4674643

2. Markin A.N. Institute of Censorship in the Roman Republic. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/institut-tsenzury-v-rimskoy-respublike/

3. Surovtseva E.V. Censorship in Ancient Rus’. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tsenzura-v-drevney-rusi/

4. Kulikova S.A. Formation of the constitutional principle of inadmissibility of censorship in the Russian Federation. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/

5. Constitution of the Russian Federation: The Constitution was adopted by popular vote on 12.12.1993 with amendments approved during the all-Russian vote on 01.07.2020. Access from the reference and legal system «ConsultantPlus».

6. On the media: Law of the Russian Federation of 27.12.1991 No. 2124-1 (as amended on 11.03.2024). Access from the reference and legal system «ConsultantPlus».

7. VTsIOM. URL: https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/

8. Valkova Irina. Blocking of Internet services in Russia in 2024: trends and reasons. URL: https://pronedra.ru/blokirovki-internet-servisov-v-rossii-v-2024

9. Roskomnadzor announced the existence of tools for “motivating” YouTube. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/technology_and_media/26/07/2024/

10. Peskov spoke in favor of complete freedom of information, but not in wartime. URL: https://tass.ru/politika/

11. Wilson R. Gates proposes using AI to suppress freedom of speech; the UN seeks to control AI worldwide. URL: https://telegra.ph/Gejts-predlagaet-ispolzovat-II-dlya-podavleniya-svobody-slov

DOI: 10.33917/mic-1.120.2025.44-55

Illegal deforestation is a consequence of socio-economic relations, especially in regions where logging is the main source of income. Forests in such regions are perceived only as raw materials, which leads to negative consequences leading to the loss of national wealth. Specific assessment methods for different industries and sectors of the economy lead to a lack of a unified approach, which creates difficulties in analyzing and combating the shadow economy. The level of criminalization in the field of logging can be assessed by various methods. The authors have modernized and changed the formulas for assessing the level of criminalization of forestry to meet modern realities with a significant reduction in error.

References:

1. Myasnikov D.A. Mechanism for assessing the level of the shadow economy in the forestry complex. Izvestiya IGEA. 2008;5:39-42.

2. Antoshchenko A.V. Analysis of the causes and conditions for committing crimes in the forestry complex (on the example of Primorsky Krai). Contentus. 2020;1:164-189.

3. Botasheva L.Kh. Identification and assessment of the shadow economy. Economy. Taxes. Law. 2018;11(5):28-37.

4. Putyakova P. Shades of gray. The share of the shadow economy in the Perm Territory will grow. URL: https://www.newsko.ru/articles/

5. EMISS. URL: https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/

6. Report of representatives of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Perm Territory. URL: https://priroda.permkrai.ru/

7. Statistical analysis of the forestry complex of Russia. URL: https://prepod24.ru/readyworks/235163/?ysclid=lq5l8jrxlb198424445

8. Strengthening the fight against illegal timber trafficking was discussed in the Kama region, 2022. URL: https://priroda.permkrai.ru/novosti/

9. Petrov V.N., Katkova T.E., Karvinen S. Trends in the development of the forest economy in Russia and Finland. Economic and social changes: facts, trends, forecast. 2019;12(3):140-157.

10. Tolpyshev G.V. Methodological tools for assessing the level of criminalization in the forestry sector / G. V. Tolpyshev, A. G. Svetlakov. Perm Agrarian Bulletin. 2017;1 (17):151-156.

DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.111.2023.94-102

Presents a theoretical overview of the domestic experience of countering threats, replete with various forms of implementation in the form of military operations, counter-terrorism and other special operations that are aimed at strengthening the national security of the country and protecting national, geopolitical, strategic and economic interests from terrorist and other unfriendly threats potential enemy states of our country. The relationship between the conduct of special operations and the introduction of emergency regimes, a state of emergency and a counter-terrorist operation on the territory of Russia is noted. A definition of the concept of «special military operation» is proposed. The role of ensuring economic security as a priority of the national security of the state and the formation of patriotic principles of educating new generations to strengthen the country are determined.

References: 

1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation: approved dated December 12, 1993 No. 343-FKZ; ed. dated 01.07.2020 No. 11-FKZ. SPS ConsultantPlus. Legislation. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/

2. On martial law: Federal constitutional law of 30.01.2002 No. 1-FKZ; ed. dated May 29, 2023. SPS ConsultantPlus. Legislation. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/

3. On the state of emergency: Federal constitutional law of May 30, 2001 No. 3-FKZ; ed. dated March 07, 2016. SPS ConsultantPlus. Legislation. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/

4. On the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies: Federal Law of December 21, 1994 No. 68-FZ; ed. dated April 14, 2023. SPS ConsultantPlus. Legislation. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/

5. On countering terrorism: Federal Law No. 35-FZ of March 6, 2006 (as amended on May 26, 2021). SPS ConsultantPlus. Legislation. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/

6. Polyakov Yu. A. The end of Basmachism / Yu. A. Polyakov, A. I. Chugunov. M .: Nauka. 1976. 184 p. (In Russ.).

7. Gorobets K. Russian «Special Military Operation» and the Language of Empire. Opinio Juris (May 24, 2022). URL: http://opiniojuris.org/2022/05/24/russian-special-military-operation-and-the-language-of-empire

8. Kalmykova M. Study of the Influence of the War in Ukraine on the Russian Language. International Scientific Conference (March 13, 2023; Bratislava). Bratislava: Language and politics. Between linguistics and political science, 2023. URL: https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/bitstream/handle/1828/14840/Maria%20Kalmykova-JCURAposter-2023.pdf

9. Spišiaková M.  Political Euphemisms and Neologisms in Online Media Content: Amid the War in Ukraine / M. Spišiaková, N. Shumeiko. Language and politics. Between linguistics and political science: University of Economics Bratislava, 2022. pp. 372–388. URL: https://conferences.euba.sk/jazykapolitika/www_write/files/2022/spisiakova_shumeiko.pdf

10. The Daily Journal of the United States Government / Executive Order 13405 of June 16, 2006. Blocking Property of Certain Persons Undermining Democratic Processes or Institutions in Belarus. URL: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2006/06/20/06-5592/blocking-property-of-certain-persons-undermining-democratic-processes-or-institutions-in-belarus

DOI: 10.33917/mic-3.110.2023.86-92

The article examines the general historical periods of development and transformation of the structure of public administration in the system of national protection of forestry in Russia from the XVII century to the present. The prerequisites for the formation of forest law are outlined, as well as further improvement of forest legislation, in particular, the process of development of criminal responsibility is analyzed. Modern regulatory legal acts regulating the basics of state management of the forest sector of the Russian Federation are presented. The causal relationship in the commission of criminal acts in forestry is highlighted. Based on the factors generating the growth of criminogenicity in the forest industry, the main directions of the state necessary for the prevention of crimes related to illegal logging of forest plantations were given.

References:

1. Tikhomirov M.N. The Cathedral Code of 1649 / M.N. Tikhomirov, P.P. Epifanov. Moscow: Publishing house of Moscow. un-ta, 1961. 65 p.

2. Votyakova E.S. The history of the development of Criminal legislation on crimes in the sphere of entrepreneurial activity / E. S. Votyakova // Topical issues of legal sciences: materials of the International Scientific Conference (Chelyabinsk, November 2012). Chelyabinsk: Two Komsomol Members, 2012. pp. 77-79. (In Russ.).

3. Criminal Code of 1903 on state crimes. Russian legislation of the X–XX centuries: in 9 volumes / under the general editorship of O.I. Chistyakov. Vol. IX. Moscow, 1994.

4. The Forest Code of the Russian Federation of 04.12.2006 N 200-FZ (ed. of 02.07.2021) (with amendments and additions, intro. effective from 01.09.2021). –  Access from the legal reference system Consultant-Plus. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_64299

5. Kiseleva L.V. The history of the development of economic crimes in the field of construction as a growing danger of undermining the economic security of the Russian Federation / L. V. Kiseleva, K. A. Zelenkov // Bulletin of the Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2010;2 (13):266-268. (In Russ.).

6. Zubkova V.I. The role of criminal punishment in the prevention of crimes // Collection: Criminal correctional law: Materials of the interuniversity scientific and practical conference. Moscow, 2017;12(1):27-30. (In Russ.).

7. Kuzmichev E.P. Volumes of illegal logging of forest plantations in the Russian Federation / Kuzmichev.P., Trushinai.G., Lopatin.V. URL: http://lhi.vniilm.ru /

8. Tolpyshev G.B. Ensuring the economic security of forestry: Monograph / G.V. Tolpyshev, A.G. Svetlakov // M-vo S.-x RF, Perm State Technical University. Perm, 2020. 218 p. (In Russ.).

9. Statistical data of the FKU «GIAC of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia». URL: http://www.mvd.ru

DOI: 10.33917/mic-6.107.2022.81-90

The scientific article analyzes the definitions of the concept of «cartel conspiracy» and examines the historical features of the development of cartels in Russia. International experience is taken into account in relation to the issue of research on the example of the USA and Germany. The authors have formulated their own definition of cartel collusion as a form of association of economic entities based on a number of oral or written agreements, the participants of which, without renouncing financial, industrial and commercial independence, achieve common goals (influence on prices, determination of the course and results of bidding, division of territories or consumers) when interacting with various economic entities (cartel and non-cartel companies, suppliers and customers of goods and services, direct competitors, manufacturers of substitutes, government agencies, etc.).

References:

1. Report on the state of competition in the Russian Federation for 2021. Moscow, 2022. 471 p. URL: https://fas.gov.ru/documents/688431

2. Report on the state of competition in the Russian Federation for 2020. Moscow, 2021. 534 p. URL: https://fas.gov.ru/documents/b-n-3609af5f-7476-4122-bb77-d04c49d96ca7

3. Report on the state of competition in the Russian Federation for 2018. Moscow, 2019. 632 p. URL: https://fas.gov.ru/documents/685806

4. Report on the state of competition in the Russian Federation for 2017. Moscow, 2018. 806 p. URL: https://fas.gov.ru/documents/658027

5. Report on the state of competition in the Russian Federation for 2016. Moscow, 2017. 739 p. URL: https://fas.gov.ru/documents/596439

6. Klimenkov I.N. Cartel: a comparative analysis of the approaches of foreign countries and the Russian Federation // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. 2019;7:204-207. (In Russ.).

7. Lisitsyn-Svetlanov A.G., Bashlakov-Nikolaev I.V., Zavarukhin V.P. [and etc.]. Cartelization of the Russian economy: the main causes, consequences and ways to eliminate them // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2020;90(10):903-913. (In Russ.).

8. Kalyakina Yu.I. Cartel collusion in the era of a pandemic // Alley of Science. 2021;10 (61):419-422. (In Russ.).

9. Korneva E.D. Cartel collusion and methods of combating it // Modern trends in economics and management: a new look. 2011;12-1:23-28. (In Russ.).

10. Marshall R.C., & Marx L.M. The economics of collusion: Cartels and bidding rings, Mit Press, 2012.

11. Yusupov A.M. Factors stimulating the development of cartels in Russia // Topical issues of modern economic science: Proceedings of the XI International Scientific Conference, Astrakhan, April 21, 2021. Astrakhan: Astrakhan State University, 2021. pp. 228-232. (In Russ.).

12. Tabakaeva M.R., Chaikina K.A. Influence of cartels on the modern economy // Actual problems of aviation and cosmonautics. 2019;3:136-138. (In Russ.).

13. Lapin V.O. In search of effective methods for investigating cartel conspiracies // Society: politics, economics, law. 2022;2:78–83. (In Russ.).

DOI: 10.33917/mic-6.107.2022.76-80

Currently, the activities of microfinance institutions are widespread all over the world. The article explores the history of the emergence of microfinance organizations, originating from the Middle Ages. The current state of the microfinance market of the Russian Federation is analyzed and its participants are considered. Measures are proposed to improve the quality of services provided by microfinance organizations. The relevance of the article is explained by the need to understand the economic nature of the origin of microfinance transactions against the background of the rapid growth of their number both in Russia and abroad.  

References:

1. Zakhkin A.A. Microfinance in the financial services market: background and world experience // Banking services. 2013;2:8-14. (In Russ).

2. Ulyantseva Zh.A. Microfinance Institute in Russia: Dynamics and Directions of Development / Collection of materials of the International Scientific and Practical Forum «Modern Innovative Directions for the Development of the Activities of Insurance and Financial-Credit Organizations in the Conditions of a Transformational Economy». Kursk: CJSC «Universitetskaya kniga». 2016. pp. 148-152. (In Russ).

3. Microfinance, Bank of Russia. Official website of the Bank of Russia. URL: https://www.cbr.ru/microfinance/