The "Economic Strategies" journal

2023 #4 2023 Indifference of Gambling




Shaping Business Value: Research Program of the Douglass North Institutional Framework

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.136-141

Research program of the institutional framework of Douglass North, which was not implemented in practice by either the great researcher himself or his followers, is examined. Application of D. North’s methodological approach to analysis of a specific problem – shaping business value – allowed the author to draw the following conclusions.

It is determined that formation of business value is a process of value imputation. It was found that as a result of the process of imputing the business value, carried out within a certain institutional framework, the formed value of business can be considered as a converted form of value of a particular product. The author gives an institutional explanation of how, on the basis of the institutional framework for determining the value of business, main logically contradictory approaches to estimating the value of business are combined, and how the final quantitative value of the business worth is formed on this basis.

References:

1. Skinner K. ValueWeb. Kak fintekh-kompanii ispol’zuyut blokchein i mobil’nye tekhnologii dlya sozdaniya interneta tsennostei [ValueWeb. How Fintech Companies are Using Blockchain and Mobile Technologies to Create an Internet of Value]. Per. s angl. N. Yatsyuk. Moscow, Mann, Ivanov i Ferber, 2018, 414 p.

2. Nort D. Ponimanie protsessa ekonomicheskikh izmenenii [Understanding the Process of Economic Change]. Per. s angl. K. Martynova, N. Edel’mana. Moscow, ID Gosudarstvennogo universiteta — Vysshei shkoly ekonomiki, 2010, 253 p.

3. Nort D.K. Avtobiografiya. Lektsiya pamyati Al’freda Nobelya, prochitannaya Duglasom Nortom 9 dekabrya 1993 g. Kommentarii: Laureaty Nobelevskoi premii po ekonomike: avtobiografii, lektsii, kommentarii [Autobiography. Alfred Nobel Memorial Lecture delivered by Douglas North on December 9, 1993. Comments: Nobel Laureates in Economics: Autobiographies, Lectures, Commentaries]. Pod red. V.V. Okrepilova, vol. 2, Saint Petersburg, Nauka, 2009, pp. 297–315.

4. Nort D. Pyat’ tezisov ob institutsional’nykh izmeneniyakh: Kvartal’nyi byulleten’ kluba ekonomistov [Five Theses on Institutional Change: The Economists Club Quarterly Bulletin]. Minsk, Institut privatizatsii i menedzhmenta, 1998, pp. 3–15, available at: https://portalus.ru/modules/economics/rus_readme.php?sub

action=showfull&id=1127698362&archive=1254315015&start_from=&ucat=&.

5. Furubotn E.G., Rikhter R. Instituty i ekonomicheskaya teoriya. Dostizheniya novoi institutsional’noi ekonomicheskoi teorii [Institutes and Economic Theory. Achievements of the New Institutional Economics]. Per. s angl. pod red. V.S. Kat’kalo, N.P. Drozdovoi. Saint Petersburg, ID Sankt-Peterburgskogo un-ta, 2005, 701 p.

6. Uil’yamson O.I. Ekonomicheskie instituty kapitalizma: firmy, rynki, “otnoshencheskaya” kontraktatsiya [The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, “Relational” Contracting]. Per. s angl.; Nauch. red. i vstup. stat’ya V.S. Kat’kalo. Saint Petersburg, Lenizdat, 1996, 702 p.

Victim Semantics. Part II

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.126-135

The paper focuses on understanding the place of the phenomena of a victim and sacrifice in the history of world culture and in sociocultural practices from its inception to the present state. The main socio-cultural pat terns of a victim and their links with other cultural universals — the game, myth, rites of passage, ethnic mentalit y are studied. The author analyses socio-cultural functions of the phenomena of a victim in the processes of changing technological structure in the Modern and Contemporary times and in the modern network societ y. It is concluded that the combination of sacrifice, game, myth and heroic principle is a universal regulating, synthesizing and promoting transitional factor. This factor in the anthroposphere triggers the process of emergence inside it of a special structure of self-maintenance and selfdevelopment, in other words, a socio-cultural matrix (invariant, homeoresis), the most impor tant element of stability in the conditions of any crisis and any transition.

References:

[1–5] see No. 2(188)/2023, p. 135.

6. Udalova G.P. Predposylki vozniknoveniya zhertvoprinosheniya kak formy sotsial’nogo povedeniya: Zhertvoprinosheniya v arkhaike: atributsiya, naznachenie, tsel’ [Prerequisites for the Emergence of Sacrifice as a Form of Social Behaviour // In the collection: Sacrifices in the Archaic: Attribution, Purpose, Designation]. Vyp. 5, Saint Petersburg, 2012.

7. Subetto A.I. V.R. Arsen’ev. Etnograf, filosof, futurology [V.R. Arseniev. Ethnographer, Philosopher, Futurologist]. Saint Petersburg, 2010.

8. Arsen’ev V.R. Zveri — bogi — lyudi [Beasts – Gods – People]. Moscow, Politizdat, 1991, 158 p.

9. Arsen’ev V.R. Svod osnovnykh ponyatii etnosofii [Code of Basic Concepts of Ethnosophy]. Moscow, Evropeiskii dom, 2006, 92 p.

10. Tailor E.B. Pervobytnaya kul’tura [Primitive Culture]. Moscow, 1989.

11. Moss M. Sotsial’naya funktsiya svyashchennogo [Social Function of the Sacred]. Saint Petersburg, 2000.

12. Moss M. Ocherk o dare. Forma i osnovanie obmena v arkhaicheskikh obshchestvakh [Essay on a Gift. Form and Basis of Exchange in Archaic Societies]. Moscow, 1996.

13. Malinovskii B. Magiya, nauka i religiya [Magic, Science and Religion]. Moscow, 1998.

14. Dmitrieva T.N. O neodnoznachnosti ponyatiya “zhertvoprinoshenie”: Zhertvoprinosheniya v arkhaike: atributsiya, naznachenie, tsel’ [On the Ambiguity of

the “Sacrifice” Concept: Sacrifices in the Archaic: Attribution, Purpose, Designation]. Vyp. 5. Saint Petersburg, 2012.

15. Tokarev S.A. Rannie formy religii [Early Forms of Religion]. Moscow, 1990.

16. Tokarev S.A. O zhertvoprinosheniyakh [About Sacrifices]. Etnograficheskoe obozrenie, 1999, no 5.

17. Butovskaya M.L. Agressiya i primirenie kak proyavlenie sotsial’nosti u primatov i cheloveka [Aggression and Reconciliation as a Manifestation of Sociality in Primates and Humans]. Moscow, 1998.

18. Kaiua R. Mif i chelovek: Chelovek i sakral’noe [Myth and Man: Man and the Sacred]. Moscow, 2003.

Implementation of Environmental Innovations by Processing Industry Enterprises

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.108-113

The results of the analysis of the implementation of environmental innovations by manufacturing enterprises, carried out on the basis of methods for processing qualitative and quantitative information, are presented. The main problems hindering the innovative activity of manufacturing enterprises are outlined, among which the most significant are the lack of funds for the introduction of innovations, the high cost of innovations. Ways to solve these problems are proposed: further development of the legislative framework and regulatory documents, the use of a full cycle approach and long-term cooperation with partners in the value chain, fundraising from development institutions and specialized investment funds, the use of leasing schemes.

References:

1. Mitrofanova M. N. Innovatsionnoe razvitie obrabatyvayushchei promyshlennosti [Innovative Development of the Manufacturing Industry]. Fundamental’nye i prikladnye issledovaniya kooperativnogo sektora ekonomiki, 2019, no 2, pp. 115–123.

2. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoi statistiki [Website]. URL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/statistics/science.

3. UN Environment Programme [Website]. URL: https://www.unep.org/

Problems of Regulating the Population of Russia

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.102-107

The authors dwell on the problem of establishing state institutions aimed at overcoming the depopulation of Russia in the context of the current demographic crisis. As an effective tool for creating conditions for implementation of the Social Doctrine provisions, a model of information interactions is proposed, which is formed in the form of a Situational Center. The authors show the tasks of the Situational Center as a regulator of cause-and-effect relationships between each of the controlled objects that determine formation of ways out of the demographic crisis. The author’s definition of information is given.

References:

1. Glaz’ev S.Yu. Ryvok v budushchee. Rossiya v novykh tekhnologicheskom i mirokhozyaistvennom ukladakh [Leap into the Future. Russia in the New Technological and World Economic Patterns]. Moscow, Knizhnyi mir, 2018, 768 p.

2. Yakovets T.Yu. Gosudarstvennoe regulirovanie sotsiodemograficheskikh protsessov v Rossii [State Regulation of Socio-Demographic Processes in Russia]. Moscow, Prospekt, 2019, 274 p.

3. Rimashevskaya N.M. Chelovek i reformy: sekrety vyzhivaniya [Man and Reforms: Secrets of Survival]. Moscow, ISEPN RAN, 2003, 392 p.

4. Luka (Voino-Yasenetskii), arkhiep. Izbrannye tvoreniya [Selected creations]. Svyatitel’ Luka, arkhiepiskop Simferopol’skii i Krymskii. Moscow, Sibirskaya Blagozvonnitsa, 2010, p. 598

5. Gegel’ G.V.F. Raboty raznykh let [Works of different years]. Vol. 1, Moscow, 1970, p. 265.

6. Luka (Voino-Yasenetskii), arkhiep. Dukh, dusha, telo. Izbrannye tvoreniya [Spirit, Soul, Body. Selected creations]. Svyatitel’ Luka, arkhiepiskop Simferopol’skii i Krymskii. Moscow, Sibirskaya Blagozvonnitsa, 2010, pp. 563–664.

7. Yakovets T.Yu. Demograficheskoe polozhenie Rossii [Demographic Situation in Russia]. Germaniya, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, 2013, 76 p.

8. Yakovets T.Yu. O dvizhushchikh silakh obshchestvennogo razvitiya [On the Driving Forces of Social Development]. Filosofiya khozyaistva, 2012, no 4, pp. 25–30.

9. Sorokin Pitirim A. Glavnye tendentsii nashego vremeni [Major Trends of our Time]. Moscow, Nauka, 1997, 351 p.

10. Yakovets T.Yu. Formirovanie virtual’noi sistemy sotsiokul’turnykh tsennostei kak sledstvie razvitiya kul’tury vysokikh tekhnologii XX veka [Formation of the Virtual System of Socio-Cultural Values as a Consequence of the Development of a High-Tech Culture of the 20th Century]. Aktual’noe obshchestvovedenie. Vol. 2. Problemy i parametry. Moscow, Kostroma: Izdanie Kostromskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. N.A. Nekrasova, 2001, pp. 101–107.

11. Yurkevich E.V. Informatsionnye osobennosti sochetaniya material’nogo i dukhovnogo aspektov sushchestvovaniya zhivykh system [Informational Features of the Combination of Material and Spiritual Aspects of the Living Systems Existence]. Filosofiya i kul’tura, 2012, no 9(57), pp. 17–27.

12. Yurkevich E.V., Leshchev S.V. Konvergentnaya kauzal’nost’: informatsionnye vzaimodeistviya v biologicheskikh sistemakh [Convergent Causality: Information

Analytical technology of the “economic cross” — a toolkit for modeling the efficiency of closing the nuclear fuel cycle

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.92-101

Changes in the economic development priorities during transition to a post-industrial society inevitably forces us to reconsider approaches to the role of innovation in the modern economy, including in nuclear energy. The life cycles of nuclear energy resources and nuclear power units are intersected, and at this intersection energy is generated, revenue occurs, etc. The rest of these life cycles are mainly costs. Method of analyzing this life cycles intersection was named the “economic cross”. The purpose of the study presented in the article is to specify conditions, under which the final revenue, with regard to discounting, will exceed the total costs, and nuclear power technology will be profitable.

References:

1. Kleiner G.B., Rybachuk M.A., Karpinskaya V.A. Strategicheskoe planirovanie i sistemnaya optimizatsiya natsional’noi ekonomiki [Strategic Planning and System Optimization of the National Economy]. Problemy prognozirovaniya, 2022, no 3(192), pp. 6–15.

2. Kleiner G.B. Inklyuzivnyi rost v ekonomike zamknutogo tsikla [Inclusive Growth in a Circular Economy] Ekonomicheskoe vozrozhdenie Rossii, 2022, no 3(73), pp. 37–44.

3. Kleiner G.B., Rybachuk M.A., Karpinskaya V.A. Systemic factors and prerequisites for the inclusive growth of the russian economy. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 2022, vol. 287, pp. 3–14.

4. Steblyanskaya A.N., Ai M., Efimova O.V., Kleiner G.B., Rybachuk M.A. Multi-capital approach for sustainable growth: experience from the oil & gas companies. Finance: Theory and Practice, 2022, vol. 26, no 4, pp. 29–43.

5. Veretekhina S.V., Kleiner G.B. Kontseptual’nye polozheniya upravleniya sotsial’no-ekonomicheskimi sistemami primenitel’no k podderzhke eksporta otechestvennoi naukoemkoi produktsii v usloviyakh novoi ekonomicheskoi real’nosti [Conceptual Provisions for Managing Socio-Economic Systems in Relation to Supporting the Export of Domestic High-Tech Products in the New Economic Reality]. Russian Economic Bulletin, 2022, vol. 5, no 4, pp. 244–251.

6. Adamov E.O. “Proryv” v yadernoi energetike [“Breakthrough” in Nuclear Power]. Energeticheskaya politika, 2019, no 4, pp. 78–85.

7. Kleiner G.B. Novaya teoriya ekonomicheskikh sistem i ee prilozheniya [New Theory of Economic Systems and Its Applications]. Vestnik RAN, 2011, no 9, pp. 794–808.

8. Timokhin D., Putilov A. Principles of Design of a Learning Management System for Development of Economic Skills for Nuclear Engineering Education. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2021, vol. 1310, pp. 40–48.

9. Timokhin D.V., Putilov A.V. Innovatsionnye vozmozhnosti ispol’zovaniya metodologii “ekonomicheskogo kresta” v prognozirovanii perspektiv razvitiya dvukhkomponentnoi atomnoi energetiki [Innovative Possibilities of Applying the “Economic Cross” Methodology in Forecasting the Development Prospects of two-component nuclear energy]. Innovatsii, 2020, no 1, pp. 12–21.

10. Putilov A., Timokhin D., Pimenova V. Adaptation of the educational process to the requirements of the global nuclear market according the concept of “economic cross” through its digitalization. Procedia Computer Science, 2020, no 169, pp. 452–457.

Outcomes of Russia’s strategic development in January-April 2023 are better than pessimistic forecasts

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.86-91

The author dwells on the change in the market index of “Economic Strategies” (MIES) for the first four months of 2023.

Contribution of supply and demand indicators to the MIES is assessed. Analysis of industrial production is carried out.

References:

1. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v yanvare — mae 2023 goda: Doklad [Socio-Economic Situation in Russia in January-May 2023: Report]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoi statistiki, available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/osn-05-2023.pdf.

2. Sotsial’no-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v yanvare — aprele 2022 goda: Doklad [Socio-Economic Situation in Russia in January-April 2022: Report]. Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoi statistiki, available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/osn-01-2023.pdf.

3. Frenkel’ A.A., Tikhomirov B.I., Surkov A.A. “Nepredskazuemye” itogi 2022 goda i potentsial’nye ugrozy strategicheskomu razvitiyu Rossii v tekushchem godu [“Unpredictable” Results of 2022 and Potential Threats to Russia’s Strategic Development in the Current Year]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, no 2(188), pp. 44–49, DOI: 10.33917/es-2.188.2023.44-49.

4. Informatsiya o plenarnom zasedanii XXVI Peterburgskogo mezhdunarodnogo ekonomicheskogo foruma 16 iyunya 2023 g. [Information on the plenary meeting of the XXVI St. Petersburg International Economic Forum on June 16, 2023]. Ofitsial’nyi sait Prezidenta R, available at: http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/71445.ru/events/president/news/70565.

Import Substitution of the Culture of Measurements

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.78-85

World turbulence has accelerated trends towards cultural changes that emerged at the end of the last century. Today transformation of traditional management forms, corresponding to changing cultural models, is adequate neither to the essence nor the pace of the new reality formation. It’s high time to start thinking about inevitability of losing the comfort of managing an enterprise as a profit-making machine. The well-known postulate “what cannot be measured cannot be controlled” raises a new question: what and how to measure? Possible way out could be the return to corporations of diversity and complexity on the basis of the theory of fractal sets, and allocation of natural processes outside the Euclid and Newton metrics could become the foundation of a self-organization.

References:

1. Deming E. Vykhod iz krizisa. Novaya paradigma upravleniya lyud’mi, sistemami i protsessami [Way out of the Crisis. New Paradigm for Managing People, Systems and Processes]. 5-e izd. Moscow, Al’pina Pablisher, 2018.

2. Anan’in V.I. Osobennosti natsional’nogo upravleniya [Peculiarities of National Governance]. Elektronnyi zhurnal “Upravlyaem predpriyatiem”, 2014, no 10(45), available at: https://upr.ru/article/osobennosti-nacional-nogo-upravleniya-chast-1-rossijskaya-dejstvitel-nost-i-zapadnye-praktikiupravl/

3. Bashnin A.V. Informatsionnaya podderzhka situativnogo upravleniya pri obespechenii nepreryvnosti biznesa [Information Support for Situational Management while Ensuring Business Continuity]. Information Management, 2013 (fevral’).

4. Nait F.Kh. Risk, neopredelennost’ i pribyl’ [Risk, Uncertainty and Profit]. Per. s angl. M.Ya. Kazhdana. Moscow, Delo, 2003, 359 p. (Sovremennaya institutsional’no-ekonomicheskaya teoriya).

5. Taleb N. Antikhrupkost’. Kak izvlech’ vygodu iz khaosa [Antifragility. How to Capitalize on Chaos]. Moscow, KoLibri, Azbuka-Attikus, 2014.

6. Varneke Kh.-Yu. Revolyutsiya v predprinimatel’skoi kul’ture [Revolution in Entrepreneurial Culture]. Moscow, Nauka/Interperiodika, 1999.

7. Kwangyeol R., Mooyoung J. Fractal Approach to Managing Intelligent Enterprises. In: Creating Knowledge Based Organizations (Eds. J. N. D. Gupta, S.K. Sharma). Idea Group, pp. 312–348.

8. Malik P. An Introduction to Fractal Dynamics. Journal of Human Values, 2004, vol. 10, pp. 99–109.

9. Montreuil B., Venkatadri U., Rardin R.L. Fractal Layout Organization for Jop Shop Environment. International Journal of Production Research, 1999, vol. 37, N 3, pp. 501–521.

10. Shoham S., Hasgall A. Knowledge Workers as Fractals in a Complex Adaptive Organization. Knowledge and Process Management, 2005, vol. 12, N 3, pp. 225–236.

11. Mandel’brot B. Fraktal’naya geometriya prirody [Fractal Geometry of Nature]. Moscow, Institut komp’yuternykh issledovanii, 2002.

Innovation Economy Clustering: Strategic Issues of Development

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.72-77

Conditions prevailing in the Russian economy in 2023 presuppose an increased role of indirect forms of state support for business, where the state acts as a curator, nourishing small businesses with the help of analytical support. An optimal institution for implementing such a support policy is the innovation cluster, due to the formation in the process of “cooperation — competition” of a group of interrelated enterprises that can compete with large companies in innovation markets. Based on the patent analysis, it is shown that Russia has a significant development potential, and innovation clusters should focus on developing those technological areas that are most promising for their target development model.

References:

1. Bychkova O., Gladarev B., Kharkhordin O., Tsinman Zh. Fantasticheskie miry rossiiskogo khai-teka [Fantastic Worlds of Russian High-Tech]. Saint Petersburg, Izd-vo Evropeiskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburge, 2019, 416 p.

2. Prirost vysokoproizvoditel’nykh rabochikh mest [Growth of High-Performance Jobs] // Federal’naya sluzhba gosudarstvennoi statistiki, available at: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/vprm-2017-2021.xls.

3. Kostin S.V. Innovatsionnyi klaster kak institut razvitiya innovatsionnoi ekonomiki Rossii [Innovation Cluster as an Institution for Development of Russia’s Innovation Economy]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2022, vol. 24, no 3, pp. 64–69, DOI: https://doi.org/10.33917/es-3.183.2022.64-69.

4. Chang Kha-Dzhun. S”edobnaya ekonomika. Prostoe ob”yasnenie na primerakh mirovoi kukhni [Edible Economy. A Simple Explanation on Examples of World Cuisine]. Moscow, Mann, Ivanov i Ferber, 2023, 337 p.

5. Andrews D., Criscuolo Ch., Gal P. Frontier Firms, Technology Diffusion and Public Policy: Micro Evidence from OECD Countries. OECD Productivity Working Paper, 2015.

6. Grachev I.D., Nekrasov S.A. Opora na natsional’nuyu innovatsionnuyu sistemu kak neobkhodimoe uslovie realizatsii natsional’nykh proektov [Reliance on the National Innovation System as a Necessary Condition for Implementing National Projects]. Vestnik Rossiiskoi akademii nauk, 2020,

vol. 90, vol. 8, pp. 714–725.

7. Kostin S.V. Innovatsionnyi klaster kak institut organizatsii konkurentsii v usloviyakh ekonomicheskoi rekonstruktsii [Innovation Cluster as an Institution for Organizing Competition in the Context of Economic Reconstruction]. Problemy teorii i praktiki upravleniya, 2022, no 4, pp. 140–152.

Specifics of Technological Development of Russia

DOI: 10.33917/es-4.190.2023.64-71

The paper deals with the problems of ensuring the technological sovereignt y of the Russian economy, as a task set in 2022, with an emphasis on the evolutionary aspects of technological changes when considering options for government decisions. The purpose of the study is to identif y the specific characteristics of technological (innovation) dynamics with the formation of structural and sectoral policy measures corresponding to these characteristics. The result is a rationale for the coherence of the policy of new industrialization and ensuring technological sovereignt y, which requires a systemplanned approach that involves controlled structural changes in the field of basic industries and the technological base of the Russian economy. The properties of the aggregated sectors are presented, which must be taken into account when implementing the relevant structural policy. Proposals are given on the formation of structural and sectoral policy in Russia at the present stage.

References:

1. Glaz’ev S.Yu. Nanotekhnologii kak klyuchevoi faktor novogo tekhnologicheskogo uklada v ekonomike [Nanotechnologies as a Key Factor of the New Technological Order in the Economy]. Pod red. akademika RAN S.Yu. Glaz’eva i professor V.V. Kharitonova. Moscow, Trovant, 2009, 304 p.

2. Spens M. Sleduyushchaya konvergentsiya. Budushchee ekonomicheskogo rosta v mire, zhivushchem na raznykh skorostyakh [Next convergence. The Future of Economic Growth in a World Living at Different Speeds]. Moscow, Izd-vo Instituta Gaidara, 2130, 336 p.

3. Sukharev O.S. Ekonomika promyshlennosti, tekhnologii i intellektual’nykh firm [Economics of Industry, Technology, and Smart Firms]. Moscow, Lenand, 2022, 304 p.

4. Khelpman E. Zagadka ekonomicheskogo rosta [Economic Growth Mystery]. Moscow, Izd-vo Instituta Gaidara, 2011, 240 p.

5. Cheng M., Yang S., Wen Z. The effect of technological factors on industrial energy intensity in China: New evidence from the technological diversification. Sustainable

Production and Consumption, vol. 28, 2021, pp. 775–785.

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8. Franka A.G., Dalenogareb L.S., Ayala N.F. Industry 4.0 technologies: Implementation patterns in manufacturing companies. International Journal of Production

Economics, vol. 210, 2019, pp. 15–26.

9. Sukharev O.S. Izmerenie tekhnologicheskogo razvitiya: podkhody, metody, problemy i perspektivy [Measuring Technological Development: Approaches, Methods, Problems and Prospects]. Ekonomicheskie strategii, 2023, no 1, pp. 26–35, DOI: 10.33917/es-1.187.2023.26-35.