DOI: 10.33917/mic-2.127.2026.20-29

The author proceeds from the premise that for developing countries, the highest criterion of state effectiveness is the country’s transition to a new level, joining the ranks of developed countries. Of all the post-socialist bloc countries, Poland and the Czech Republic have achieved this. The author analyzes these cases. Poland implemented a standard set of macroeconomic reforms, and they proved successful thanks to a shift in public thinking: a focus on economic rather than political issues and, as a result, the widespread development of small and medium-sized businesses, which became the driving force of development. The Czech Republic had different starting conditions than Poland. The success of the Czech Republic’s economic breakthrough was determined by the correct actions taken with respect to industrial potential, which was preserved through prudent decisions during privatization and the development of international investment cooperation.

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DOI: 10.33917/mic-4.117.2024.18-26

The author defines a development institution in relation to domestic realities, and also provides a brief overview of the world experience in the functioning of development institutions. The author points out that until recently, Russian development institutions demonstrated a low degree of efficiency, which necessitated reforms in the area under consideration. However, the reforms did not fully solve the assigned tasks, since the foreign policy situation changed dramatically. It is concluded that the basis for low efficiency is insufficient attention to the relationship between the concepts of «institute» and «institution». The author offers a list of activities that are key to improving the situation in the field of development institutions.

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